Overview of Cnidarians

A cnidarian is an  invertebrate  in the Phylum Cnidaria. This phylum includes  corals, sea anemones, sea jellies (jellyfish), sea pens, and hydras. Pronunciation: Nid-air-ee-an Also Known As: Coelenterate, Coelenterata Characteristics of Cnidarians Cnidarians  exhibit radial symmetry, which means their body parts are arranged symmetrically around a central axis. So, if you drew a line from any point at the edge of a cnidarian through the center and to the other side, youd have two roughly equal halves. Cnidarians also have tentacles. These tentacles have  stinging structures called cnidocytes, which bear  nematocysts.  Cnidarians got their name from these stinging structures.  The word cnidarian comes from the Greek word  knide  (nettle).   The presence of nematocysts is a key feature of cnidarians. Cnidarians can use their tentacles for defense or for capturing prey.   Although they can sting, not all cnidarians pose a threat to humans. Some, like the box jellyfish, have very potent toxins in their tentacles, but others, like moon jellies, have toxins that dont have enough power to sting us. Cnidarians have two body layers called the epidermis and gastrodermis. Sandwiched in between is a jelly-like substance called  mesoglea. Examples of Cnidarians   As a large group comprised of thousands of species, cnidarians can be pretty diverse in their form. Overall, though, they have two main body plans: polypoid, in which the mouth faces up (e.g., anemones) and medusoid, in which the mouth faces down (e.g., jellyfish). Cnidarians may go through stages in their life cycle in which they experience each of these body plans. There are several major groups of cnidarians: Anthozoa:  sea anemones, sea pens, and corals. These animals have a  polypoid body plan and attach to a substrate, such as other animals, rocks or algae.Hydrozoa:  hydrozoans, also known as hydromedusae or hydroids. These organisms alternate between polyp and medusa stages and are usually colonial organisms. Siphonophores, which include Portuguese man-of-war and by-the-wind sailors, are examples of animals in the Class Hydrozoa. Most cnidarians are marine organisms, but there are some hydrozoan species that live in fresh water.Scyphozoa or Scyphomedusae:  true jellyfish  are in the Class Scyphozoa. These animals are known for their bell shape with dangling oral arms. Some jellyfish have tentacles also. The lions mane jellyfish is the largest species, with tentacles that may stretch more than 100 feet.Cubozoa:  box jellyfish. These animals have a cube-shaped bell, with tentacles dangling from each corner. The sea wasp, a type of box jellyfish, is said to be the most venomo us marine animal.Staurozoa: stalked jellyfish or Stauromedusae.  These strange-looking, trumpet-shaped animals arent free-swimming like regular jellyfish.  Instead, they attach to rocks or seaweed and are typically found in cold water.Myxozoa:  Ã‚  parasitic microorganisms that evolved from jellyfish  There has been debate over the years over where these animals should be classified - the latest research places them in the Cnidaria phylum, and an important piece of evidence is that these creatures have nematocysts.  Myxozoa species can affect fish, worms, amphibians, reptiles, and even mammals. One economic impact is that they can affect farmed fish such as salmon. Smallest and Largest Cnidarians The smallest cnidarian is a hydra with the scientific name  Psammohydra nanna. This animal is less than half a millimeter in size.   The largest non-colonial cnidarian is the lions mane jellyfish. As mentioned above, the tentacles are thought to stretch more than 100 feet. The bell of this jellyfish can be over 8 feet across. Of colonial cnidarians, the longest is the giant siphonophore, which can grow to over 130 feet. Sources de Lazaro, E. 2015. Myxozoans: Widespread Parasites Are Actually Micro Jellyfish. Sci-News.com. Accessed February 27, 2016.Ocean Portal. Jellyfish and Comb Jellies. Accessed February 27, 2016.  Sadava, D.E., Hillis, D.M., Heller, H.C. and M. Berenbaum. 2009. Life: The Science of Biology, Volume 2. Macmillan.University of California Museum of Paleontology. Introduction to the Hydrozoa. Accessed February 27, 2016.WoRMS. 2015. Myxozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. February 27, 2016.

Human Infectuous Disease - 1262 Words

Human infectious diseases are diseases caused by pathogens, disease causing microorganisms. These diseases can range from mild to fatal and have different modes of transmission and modes of action. It is the potential negative implications of such diseases that has made many of them among the main targets for the World Health Organization. Since the human body does not have B-cells that produce antibodies specific to all types of antigenic pathogens, the body cant fight all types of infectious diseases. Hence, vaccinations and forms of treatment that may employ inducing artificial immunity are sometimes needed, immediately. Infectious human diseases can be transmitted in many ways depending on the type of the disease, these include skin contact, breathing, water, blood transfusion, sexual intercourse, transmittance through other organisms, most commonly a mosquito, and many other modes of transmission. These diseases may also range n symptoms and Signs and may even develop latently in the body. In this research paper an infectious disease will be explored in depth from its cause, to symptoms to virulence, to forms of treatment and prevention. The Disease Among the most widely known and feared human infectious diseases comes Cholera. Cholera is an infectious disease that has had 7 recorded pandemic outbreaks over the past 2 centuries, taking away millions of lives from across the globe. It is an acute ( critical) intestinal infection that causes copious watery diarrheaShow MoreRelatedGlaxosmithkline18561 Words   |  75 Pagescompany profile Francis Weyzig Amsterdam, October 2004 Summary Business description GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical corporations that discovers, develops, manufactures and markets branded human health products. Headquarters: UK, with additional operational headquarters in the USA Global presence: about 160 countries Primary markets: USA, France, Germany, UK, Italy and Japan Employees: approximately 103,000 GSK key figures for 2003 (in  £ million)

Principals of Logistics Management MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Principals of Logistics Management for Coca-Cola Company. Answer: Introduction Organizations apply different business improvement methods to improve their performance. Logistics is one of this methods and is regarded as one of the crucial factor adopted by companies to gain competitive advantage. Logistics management refers to integrating all the core functions in an organization such as warehousing, transportation, material handling, stock management, order fulfilment and supply and demand planning. The aim of logistic management is to improve efficiency and effective business operations. This paper focuses on understanding the logistic management as adopted by the Coca-Cola Company. The specific issues being considered are; a) interface of key factors; b) Order cycle; and c) Inventory management. Coca-Cola Company Profile The Coca-Cola is a multinational beverage corporation with its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States of America. Coca-Cola is a manufacturer, marketer, and retailer of syrups and non-alcoholic beverages. Coca-Cola is famous because of its popular Coca-Cola brand which was invented by John Stith in 1886. In 1889, Stith sold the Coca-Cola brand and formula to Asa Candler who established the Coca-Cola Company in 1892. The Corporation operates using a franchise distribution system where it produces the syrup concentration and sells it to its bottlers distributed in the world. Currently, Coca-Cola owns over 500 brands in more than 200 countries (Coca-Cola Company, 2016). The Company has employed over 150,000 direct employees globally. Likewise, Coca-Cola makes 1.7 serving in a single day globally. The Company contributes 1% of its total income to charities and contributions annually. It is also a key sponsor of FIFA, Olympic, and EURO. Ion 1984, the Company launched the Coca-Cola Foundation to improve the livelihood in the society. Among the biggest beneficiaries of Coca-Colas charity, Contributions and financial foundation are African and Asian countries as well as the United Nations. When it comes to competitive strategy, Coca-Cola has adopted an aggressive marketing approach to acquiring competitive advantage from competitors like PepsiCo (Hays, 2015, p. 15). The Interface The Logistic Concept is used to link all the key functions in an organization. The concept of logistics management is a subset of the supply chain management. The concepts focus on planning, implementing, and controlling the flow of products from the suppliers to the end consumers. Logistic is referred as a crucial success factor for an organization (Bowman, 2015, p. 23). It encompasses both the efficiency and effectiveness of the operations. As discussed in the case of Coca-Cola, logistic management has a direct impact on a companys bottom line. The Coca-Cola Company uses the logistics concept to link together its core operational functions like production, marketing, and accounting and finance with the aim of achieving its overall objectives. Interfacing the functions is only achievable through good communication and cooperation between the involved departments (Williams, 2008, pp. 212-8). Production, Marketing, Finance Accounting Functions and Logistics Currently, the Coca-Cola Company has 742 production facilities and is applying logistics process to streamline the number further. The company is guided by the principle of integrating the demand and supply functions. The Company uses Demand, Operations Inventory Planning (DOIP) concept to manage its production. The amount of the application is achieved by interacting with the sales and marketing departments. By engaging the sales and marketing personnel, the production department understands the current trend for demand making it easier to approximate the amount to production (Walter, et al., 2009, p. 93). The Operational element of the DOIP concept deals with the financial implication that affects the attempt to optimize the production at Coca-Cola. After establishing the real demand for its products in the market, the production department should then liaise with the Finance and Accounting department to establish whether or not the proposed production level is financeable (Bowersox, et al., 2012, p. 101). In the past years, conflicts arose between the departments, where the Finance and Accounting department rejected the push by the production department to increase the number of production as a way of taking advantage of market demand. However, the former rejected the proposal because it was viewed as a short-term opportunity and was not deemed as feasible for the companys long-term objectives (Bowman, 2015, p. 23). Lastly, the Inventory planning focuses on how maintaining the right level of stock directly affected the operations altogether. To synchronize the roles of the three departments, Coca-Cola developed a Sales and Operations Planning (SOP) Logistics Concept which that there is an effective way of sharing information and decisions. The Company indicated that the Concept had proved an 85% success rate (Bowman, 2015, p. 31). The logistic concept has enabled the Company to focus on up and downstream management. For example, the suppliers depend on the production schedule provided by the Company before making their orders. Likewise, the transportation department also relies on the Sales and Marketing department in planning its schedule. To ensure an effective demand planning and forecasting, the Company combines its performance in the marketplace and the perfect order notion (Frazelle, 2001, p. 123). In short, The Coca-Cola Company used a simplified and streamlined Logistic management method to enhance its production, sales and marketing, transportation and the amount spent by the Finance Accounting departments. However, the Company has created a committee made up of representatives from all the three departments to plan and replan its logistic operations considering that the market is dynamic and practices change every day. Order Cycle and Management Any organization must effectively manage its ordering process to satisfy its customers. Order management is defined as the management of all the activities in the order cycle. Likewise, order cycle refers to the process that takes place from the time a customer places an order to the time he/ she receives the products ordered. The four processes involved in order cycle/ management are; order transmittal, order processing, order picking and assembling, and order delivery. The Coca-Cola Company adheres to all the ordering processes (Williams, 2008, p. 229). Order Transmittal is defined as the time it takes a company to receive a formal order from a customer. The Common methods used to transmit an order are physical visiting the site, through the e-mail, through the telephone, using fax and lastly using the online platforms (Hays, 2015, p. 16). Orders are transmitted and processed at the Coca-Colas bottler Companies. The formal methods that can be used by customers to transmit their order to the Coca-Cola Company are making a telephone call, through Fax or sending an email to the Companys sales department. The information on the official telephone number, email address and fax line to be used are provided on the companys official page. Order processing refers to the recipient of the order transmitted by the customer and the authorisation of the order by the relevant department at the organization (Hays, 2015, p. 17). At the Coca-Cola Company, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) technique is used in processing orders. When the sales department receives the order, it is checked for accuracy and completeness. Second, the department then checks the status of the customers credit (in the case of an existing customer). Third, the order is entered into the computer system before assigning a sales personnel to execute the order if accepted. Fourth, the accounting department then records the order transaction in its system. The order is then taken to the inventory department where the nearest warehouse to the customer is identified. Order picking and assembly refers to the activities carried by the warehouse or store to prepare the order for shipment (Rushton Croucher, 2010, p. 71). The Coca-Cola Company order is loaded on the companys outbound carriers ready for the shipment. Order are packed in the carrier by the customers location. The Pick-to-light technology is used to effectively arrange the order in the racks or shelves to minimize the time wasted in picking and lighting orders and eliminating errors. Order delivery refers to the formal delivery of the order to the customer or an agreed location (Rushton Croucher, 2010, p. 82). The Coca-Cola company gives its customers the power to determine where the point of delivery. Customers are also allowed to pick their delivery at the nearest warehouse. The success of the whole process is measured regarding customers satisfaction with the order. However, it can be noted that there is a long procedure that is involved in order cycle. A lot of time is wasted in the process. I would recommend the integration of the order management under one department to shorten the time. Second, all the processes involved should be automated such that when the sales department has filled an order, it can reflect directly in the Companys database. This would save other departments from entering the information fresh. The order should go directly to the nearby warehouse after being processed by the sales department. Diagram 1: Order Cycle and Management for Coca-Cola Diagram 2: Order Cycle and Management for Coca-Cola Inventory Management Analysis Inventory refers to the raw materials (used in production), finished goods (ready to be delivered to the customer upon placing an order) and the packaging materials. The main inventories at the Coca-Cola Company are the syrups, finished coke products and brands, Packaging bottles and crates. Inventory management is important because it helps in efficient and effective business operations. Failure to manage the inventory can lead to business failure. Poor management of stock would lead to incurring of extra cost regarding spoilage, dead stock, and hiring of storage space. Likewise, understocking can lead to losing of key customers and market share (Frazelle, 2001, p. 131). Coca-Cola uses the Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) principle to manage its inventory. The CPFR is an entrepreneurial approach that used to improve the efficiency of the supply chain management and meeting customer demands. The approach is used by the company to integrate between its inventory level and supply chain. Through the stock and sales system, the company generates up-to-date information about its inventory (Bowman, 2015, p. 66). The Coca-Cola Company can easily know the amount of inventory in, the current inventory in its warehouses and the amount of inventory leaving its premises. Likewise, the system is computerized to show the track of stock usage by the production department, the change of prices in the market and indicate when reordering is necessary. The Coca-Colas inventory management system is based on the production schedule, and customer and market demand. The inventory management is done at the production site. And the amount of stock bought or transported to a given geographical area is determined by the real amount of sales, customer demands and market trend (Christopher, 2011, p. 33). In short inventory management is done through a collaborative approach from all the involved departments. Using the CPFR method, the Coca-Cola Company knows when to place a new order for inventory, when to cancel an order placed early and when to send more inventory to its respective production centers. Using real-time information on Customer demand and projected production, the company can easily know the amount of inventory to order from the suppliers. Coca-Cola has put an effective inventory management system in place that ensures efficient operations. The computerized Sales and Stock forecast tracking system have ensured that Coca-Cola does not suffer from production crisis. The system allows the company to respond swiftly to its customer demands. It enables the company in optimizing, executing and managing its strategic, tactical and operational business processes (Hays, 2015). Conclusion The Coca-Cola Company has put effective logistic and inventory management processes in place. The company has taken advantage of the technological advancement to improve its operations and increase customers satisfaction. Logistics and inventory management are two crucial factors that directly impact a companys success in the market. This can be seen in the competitive advantage enjoyed by Coca-Cola in the non-beverage product industry globally. The Coca-Cola Company applies the logistics concept to link together its core operational functions like production, marketing, and accounting and finance with the aim of achieving its overall objectives. It has adopted simplified and streamlined Logistic management approach which enhances its production, sales and marketing, and transportation or inventories to the delivery points. Likewise, the Company has a structured method of managing orders received from its customers. For example, orders are transmitted through the use of email, fax, and phone calls while they are processed using the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Last, the number of inventory held by the company is determined by customer/ market demand and previous sales trends. Coca-Colas success in the industry is reflected in its effective management of its operations. References List Bowersox, D., Closs, D. M. Cooper, B., 2012. Supply Chain Logistics Management. New York: McGraw-Hill . Bowman, R. J., 2015. Demand Planning at Coca-Cola: What's the Secret Formula?, s.l.: Supply Chain Brain. Christopher, M., 2010. Logistics Supply Chain Management: creating value-adding networks. New Jersey: Prentice Hall . Christopher, P. M., 2011. Logistics and Supply Chain Management. New Jersey: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Coca-Cola Company, 2016. Coca-Cola Company Website. s.l.:s.n. Frazelle, E. H., 2001. World-Class Warehousing and Material Handling (Logistics Management Library). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Hays, C. L., 2015. The Real Thing: Truth and Power at the Coca-Cola Company. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. Mangan, J. Lalwani , C., 2011. Global Logistics and Supply. New York: John Wiley Sons. Richards, G. Grinsted, S., 2013. The Logistics and Supply Chain Toolkit: Over 90 Tools for Transport, Warehousing and Inventory Management. London, UK: Kogan Page. Rushton, A. Croucher, P., 2010. The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management. London, United Kingdom: Kogan Page. Walter, M., Johnson, E. Davis, T., 2009. Vendor Managed Inventory in the Retail Supply Chain. Journal of Business Logistics. Williams, B. D., 2008. A review of inventory management research in major logistics journals: Themes and future directions. The International Journal of Logistics Management, pp. Vol. 19 Iss: 2, pp.212 - 232.

Why People Want to Have Pets free essay sample

A pet such as a dog, a cat, and a bird will put all its personality and attention to you. For example, when you just got home from a long day of work feeling exhausted and stressed, there is that tail wager so very happy to see you or when you sit down on the couch and turn on the TV, there is that little fluffy thing jumps onto your lap meowing at you. Your pet will bring laughter and playfulness; therefore, you will have a focus, a purpose, and something to care for. Pets can give you good company and they also give you love. If you are lonely you can go to your pet and talk to it. Sometimes, pets are more understanding than people because if you talk to your pet it will just sit there and listen to you. We will write a custom essay sample on Why People Want to Have Pets? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, if you talk to a person that person might not even listen to you. Pets are also very, very lovable and cuddly. If you’re sad you could go and cuddle with your pet. Finally, exercise helps us maintain a healthy and longer life. Pets such as dogs will definitely increase your chances for exercise and outdoor activities. Most people walk their pets on a daily basis. Thus, both the dog and you get the fresh air as well as exercise to build physical fitness. Walking with your dog everyday not only can help you release stress, but it also boosts your opportunities to meet and to socialize with other dog owners. In addition, it helps you have more controlled breathing, and maintain a healthy body. In conclusion, pets are not just animals, but they are also our family, friends, and companions. They are not picky about their owners by their status and appearance. If you have a pet, you will not feel lonely when you live alone or your family is away from home; you will have a routine which helps you have a purpose of life; you will be able to exercise with your pet which keeps you healthy.