MSW vs. Ph.D. vs. DSW for a Career in Social Work

MSW versus Ph.D. versus DSW for a Career in Social Work In contrast to numerous fields, social work has a few advanced education alternatives. Numerous candidates considering professions in social work wonder which degree is directly for them.â MSW Careers While unhitched males degree holders in social work are utilized in social work settings and work close by social laborers in numerous helpful jobs, they should be regulated by MSW-level supervisors.â In this sense, the MSW is the standard passage prerequisite for most social work positions. Progression to administrator, program supervisor, right hand chief, or official executive of a social help organization or office requires an advanced education, at least a MSW, and experience. With a MSW a social laborer may connect with exploration, backing, and counseling. Social laborers who go into private practice require, at the very least, a MSW, regulated work understanding, and state confirmation. MSW Programs Master’s certificate programs in social work get ready alumni for work in a particular field, for example, with kids and families, teenagers, or the older. MSW understudies figure out how to perform clinical evaluations, direct others, and oversee huge caseloads. Master’s programs by and large require 2 years of study and incorporate at least 900 hours of managed field guidance or entry level position. Low maintenance program may take 4 years. Look for programs that are certify by the Council on Social Work Education to guarantee that the alumni program you pick will give a suitable training and meet state prerequisites for licensure and affirmation. The Council on Social Work Education authorizes more than 180 master’s programs. Doctoral Social Work Programs Social work candidates have two options of doctoral degrees: the DSW and the Ph.D. A doctorate in social work (DSW) gets ready alumni for the most exceptional occupations, for example, organization, management, and staff preparing positions. As a rule, the DSW is an applied degree as in it gets ready DSW holders for jobs practically speaking settings as chairmen, coaches, and evaluators. The Ph.D. in social work is an examination degree. As such, like the PsyD andâ Ph.D. (degrees in brain research), the DSW and Ph.D. vary as to an accentuation on training versus research. The DSW underlines preparing practically speaking, so graduates become master professionals, while the Ph.D. underscores research, preparing graduates for professions in examination and instructing. School and college encouraging positions and most examination arrangements by and large require a Ph.D. also, now and then a DSW degree. Licensure and Certification All States and the District of Columbia have permitting, affirmation, or enrollment prerequisites in regards to social work practice and the utilization of expert titles. In spite of the fact that guidelines for permitting fluctuate by State, most require fruition of a test in addition to 2 years (3,000 hours) of administered clinical experience for licensure of clinical social workers.â The Association of Social Work Boardsâ provides data about licensure for all states and the District of Columbia. What's more, the National Association of Social Workers offers intentional accreditations to MSW holders, for example, the Academy of Certified Social Workers (ACSW), the Qualified Clinical Social Worker (QCSW), or the Diplomate in Clinical Social Work (DCSW) qualification, in view of their expert experience. Accreditation is a marker of experience, and is especially significant for social specialists in private practice; some medical coverage suppliers require confirmation for repayment.

Legalization of Marijuana2 essays

Legitimization of Marijuana2 articles Authorization of Marijuana has immediately become a questionable issue in America. In the United States, legitimization of weed for restorative intentions is spreading to the state level. For instance, in November 1996, the individuals of California and Arizona casted a ballot to sanction weed for therapeutic reasons. Because of Proposition 215 in California, patients currently smoke weed gave their doctor suggests its use. A remedy isn't required, and cannabis keeps on being illicit to endorse. The Clinton organization reacted that it would not perceive these choices, and would arraign doctors who prescribe or give pot to their patients. Despite the fact that California and Arizona are the main two states to have just passed laws directing maryjane use, twenty-six states and the District of Columbia have laws and goals with respect to cannabis utilization. These laws and goals extend from setting up restorative research programs, to permitting specialists to recommend cannabis, to r equesting that the government lift the boycott. In spite of the states wants to have cannabis legitimized for restorative purposes, the US National Institutes of Health analyzed all current clinical proof about smoked maryjane and reasoned that, There is no logically stable proof that smoked weed is medicinally better than as of now accessible treatments. In light of the end made by the US National Institutes of Health, pot ought to stay unlawful. In spite of the fact that it has numerous restorative advantages - remembering improving the hunger for chemotherapy and AIDS patients, lessening muscle fits related with epilepsy and various sclerosis, and mitigating eye pressure in glaucoma patients - there is no evidence that maryjane is the best treatment. The primary dynamic fixing in cannabis (THC) is as of now accessible in its authoritative document, Marinol; it does in truth h ... <!

Can Tapering Down Reduce Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms

Can Tapering Down Reduce Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Print Pros and Cons of Tapering Down Alcohol Intake By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 02, 2019 Verywell / JR Bee More in Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Binge Drinking Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery If you want to quit drinking, you might want to try to taper off first, instead of stopping suddenly, to try to reduce the severity of possible alcohol withdrawal symptoms. If you are a daily drinker, a long-time heavy drinker, or a frequent binge drinker, if you suddenly stop drinking altogether, chances are you are going to experience some form of withdrawal symptoms and if you try to quit on your own without any kind of medical assistance, those symptoms could become very severe. Unfortunately, there is little if any research that shows that tapering off actually reduces the effects of alcohol withdrawal. That could be because withdrawal symptoms vary widely from one person to the next, and there is no way to compare results between daily, heavy, or binge drinkers. Rationale for Tapering Down Instead of Cold Turkey We do know that tapering off is standard medical practice for other drugs. Patients taking antidepressants, for example, are usually not taken off their medication abruptly but have their dosages gradually reduced.?? We also know that products used to help people quit smoking, such as nicotine patches or gum, are designed to gradually wean smokers off nicotine by slowly reducing the amount of nicotine they consume. Common sense tells us that quitting cold turkey from a 12-beer-a-day habit is going to be more stressful than tapering down slowly. That doesnt mean to suggest that home detox is either an effective or reasonable appropriate. Generally speaking,  alcohol home detox is neither the most effective nor safest method of quitting alcohol. However, it is inexpensive and may be suitable for someone whose job, relationships, and well-being are not in jeopardy. Strategies for Tapering Alcohol Consumption The simplest way to taper off your alcohol consumption is to gradually reduce the number of drinks that you usually drink over a period of time. For example, if you usually drink five glasses of wine every day, try cutting back to four glasses for several days and then try to reduce it to three. Some people taper off by spacing out the length of time between each drink. They may limit themselves to only one drink per hour, for example. Or, they may substitute a glass of water, juice or Gatorade between each alcoholic drink. Some cut back by mixing weaker drinks with less alcohol. Others try to taper off by changing from the alcoholic beverage that they prefer to one that they do not like. For example, they may try to switch from a beverage that they like (like wine) to one they dont (like beer). That rationale is that they are less likely to drink as much of the beverage they do not like. If you plan to taper your drinking in order to stop, make sure that you limit your intake consistently, avoid fluctuations, and adhere to a weekly reduction schedule with a set date to stop. Tapering is not an open-ended process. Challenges of Cutting Down on Alcohol Intake For some drinkers, cutting down on the amount of alcohol they drink simply does not work. They may cut back for a short period of time, but they soon find themselves back to drinking at their usual level. This is especially true of heavy drinkers who are surrounded by the triggers that encourage drinking and lack the support needed to encourage change. Those who find that they cannot taper off the number of drinks for any significant length of time probably have developed a severe alcohol use disorder or have become what is commonly known as an alcoholic. For others, simply cutting back the number of drinks can bring on alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Moreover, substituting one kind of beverage for another does not help you taper off alcohol if you consume the same number of standard drinks as you usually have. For example, one 12-ounce can of beer contains the same amount of alcohol as a 5-ounce glass of wine or a mixed drink containing 1.5 ounces of alcohol.?? With these things in mind, you need to weigh the pros and cons of tapering your alcohol useâ€"ideally with someone you trustâ€"to make a fully informed decision. A Word From Verywell If you find that you are one of those drinkers who cannot taper their alcohol consumption consistently or if you find that you begin to experience withdrawal symptoms by merely cutting back, dont give up. You dont have to let the fear of alcohol withdrawal stop you from cutting back or quitting. You may decide to seek medical treatment for your withdrawal symptoms or decide to enter a professional detox or rehab center. Whatever you do, it is better to act than not act. Even if you fail, there are still plenty of treatment options you can turn to. Dont give up.

To Choose Or Not To Choose . You Make Around 35,000 Choices

To Choose Or Not To Choose You make around 35,000 choices a day they’re everywhere you go and in everything you do. Some so simplistic that you don t consciously think about them, while others weigh greatly on the conscious and take time to think about. However you never know how these decisions are going to affect you, nor do you know what the outcome will be until you make them. This makes us hesitate, debate, and philosophize their potential, leaving room for one to talk themselves out or to find something else to occupy their mind. In WIlliam Shakespeare s Hamlet this is exactly what our hero does over and over again until his hand is forced and he must take action. Hamlet tells the tale of a Prince from Denmark who has just lost†¦show more content†¦The End of Hamlet we are able to descend into Hamlet s madness and truly see the cause of his delay. Hamlet is struggling with who he is as a person and what he stands for. Here we have a man who used to believe in the world and all the good it had to offer, that is now broken and filled with pain. The loss of his father is a heavy burden for him to bear, along with the newfound anger he has towards his mother Gertrude for her remarriage to Claudius He states that the world he thought he knew has become â€Å"weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable†, that there is no form of justice for his father s murder, and no calling for Claudius’ head. This steals away at Hamlets drive to act, time and time again we see him become enraged and ready to kill, only for the flames to be snuffed out by some other distracting matter. A perfect example of this Act 1 Scene 5 when Hamlet states â€Å" ...I’ll wipe away all trivial fond records, / All saw of the books, all forms, all pressures past / That youth and observation copied there, / And thy commandment all alone shall live / Within the books and volume of my brain, / Unmixed with baser matters â€Å"(1.5.9-104). Here we see him hellbent on avenging his father, proclaiming that he will wipe all of his remembrances and books from his memory good and bad so that he can focus on revenge. Yet ironically the next time we see Hamlet he is reading a book and seems to have forgotten all about this.Show MoreRelatedIs College Worth The Cost?880 Words   |  4 Pagesfinancially beneficial to get a 4 year bachelor degree but these numbers can cover up some very concerning gray area. The first of which is how is it going to get paid for? Knowing you will make somewhere around $20k/year more than your non-degreed counter parts does not always tip the scale (Is College Worth it?, 2014). You have to also take into account the total cost of education, including student loan interest, as well as the 4 years of earnable income lost while going to school. A potential collegeRead MoreFree Will And Free Choice1122 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom of Will The alarm clock sounds, you get up and stand before your wardrobe, facing a decision. The white shirt or the blue, both clean, both equally nice, but it is still an easy decision. The blue. You revel in your creativity and ready yourself for the day to come. The freedom you have always known permitted the choice, your free will grants you this privilege. Or does it? Free will is a false concept often confused with free choice. Free will does not truly exist, the limitations set byRead MoreThe Ripple Effect of Smoking1133 Words   |  5 Pagespeaceful end (though most smokers die a slow and agonizing death). What is not acceptable is the effect that smoke has on non-smokers who have almost no way of getting away from smoke unless they want to stay in their house. Smokers affect everyone around them for the worse. 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They will share the information with each other and decisions will be made onRead More Homeschooling Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesHomeschool Home schooling is an alternative to public education. It is a choice that many more parents are making today, and even more are projected to make by the year 2000. It is estimated that at the end of the year 2000 there will be 2,000,000 home schoolers in the United States (Gorder 1996). There are other alternatives to Public School education. Some examples are Catholic or Private schools or a privately hired tutor. There are many reasons why people home school their children. ReligiousRead MoreThe Harley Davidson1431 Words   |  6 Pagesconsumption. All of this final consumer combine to make up the consumer market. The American consumer market consist of more than 300 million people who consume more than $13 trillion worth of goods and services each year, making it one of the most attractive consumer markets in the world. 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Some make their decision based on what they think can make them the most money once they begin their lives in the work force. However, many students believe that if you choose a major that interests you and challenges you then you can use those skills that can help you in any career. (R. Landrum S. Davis, 2014) Let’s face it. Employers know that when they hire someone straight out of

Chief Bromden Is The Narrator Of The Story, Which Furthers

Chief Bromden is the narrator of the story, which furthers the readers instinct that he is an observer. The Chief is an Indian, who is strong and tall. He physically is one of the strongest characters. The Chief manipulated the system, in order to stay under the radar. He pretended to be â€Å"deaf and dumb.† This gave the Chief a heightened advantage over the other wards. Faculty spoke freely infant of the Chief because they thought he could not share the information. Kesey demonstrated the staff did not find Chief Bromden a threat early in the novel, â€Å"They don’t bother not talking out loud about their hate secrets†¦they think I’m deaf and dumb.† (Kesey 1) This gives the Chief more power than any other patient. He knows many secrets of the†¦show more content†¦The orderlies were Nurse Ratched’s foot soldiers, they carried out her orders of abuse against the men. The Chief, believed the orderlies were so instinctively connected t o Nurse Ratched that they could predict Nurse Ratched’s moves before she gave them the command. They enjoyed the power and control they could manifest working for the hospital. The orderlies are described as young black men. They raped, physically assaulted and humiliated the men. A proven example of their abuse was when they raped one of the wards, â€Å"He’s smothering curse into the mattress and the black boy sitting on his head saying â€Å"Tha’s right, Mistuh Taber, tha’s right†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Kesey 36) The orderlies used their power to humiliate the men. They enjoyed the abuse they inflected on the men. After the fishing trip, Nurse Ratched had the orderlies scrub the mens genitals. One patient, George feared dirt therefore did not believe he needed a scrubbing, he also feared soap thus exacerbating his fear of the scrubbing. The orderlies of course found extreme privilege in forcing George, â€Å"But the black boy just ran the tube up against Ge orge’s belly-buton and squeezed†¦George wrapped both arms around his belly and screamed.† (Kesey 273) The orderlies felt little empathy for the men, they thrived off of the pain they could inflect by their own will or by the will of Nurse Ratched. Kesey, described many of the staff were violent andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Book Review of Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest676 Words   |  3 Pagesnest Author: Ken Kesey Editor, nr. of pages, year published: Published by the Penguin Group, 310 pages, first published in 1962 Summary: The scene is laid in a mental hospital. The narrator is an old Indian, called Chief Bromden, he plays deaf and dumb and he doesnt really take part in the action. The story starts when Randle Patrick McMurphy is admitted to the hospital. McMurphy is no ordinary patient, hes actually a bit too sane to be in a mental hospital. 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There is a scene when Chief Bromden sees a dog in a window, whoRead MoreMccarthyism and the One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest2739 Words   |  11 PagesGrisafi Final Paper McCarthyism and the One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest In the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey, the characters of Nurse Ratched and Bromden Chief both serve as social commentary of the government of the 1950s. Nurse Ratched represents the control and dominance of the government in the 50s, and Bromden Chief represents the oppression of non-white people by the government and McCarthyism. McCarthyism was a tool that was used by the government at that time in order to scareRead MoreOne Flew over the Cuckoos Nest2390 Words   |  10 Pagesattempts to give an accurate picture of some part of the human condition, which is less than perfect. (Sutherland 42) Being in a mental hospital, there are going to be some language that may be offensive and there also will be situations there that are a little obscene. Kesey’s book is set in a mental hospital; the language, attributes, and habits of the inmates are typical of disturbed men whose already distorted world is being further systematically dehumanized by the wa rd nurse. (Sutherland 42) PeopleRead MoreGeorge Orwell s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest2635 Words   |  11 Pagesconsortiums in such a subversive manner, and even the â€Å"Seismic Sixties† during which Cuckoo’s Nest was published saw the novel’s acclaim balanced with pointed criticism. Today, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest is taught nationwide, and each year millions of high school students submerse themselves in the story of Chief Bromden and Randle McMurphy. 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Respectable Citizens Gender, Family and Unemployment Free Essays

Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression By Lara Campbell – A Review Lara Campbell’s, professor of history at Simon Frasier University, book Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression (published in 2009) provides a thoroughly researched look at an often looked over topic in regards to the Great Depression; gender. Her beginning introductory chapter sets the focus of this book and she takes time to consider the strengths and weaknesses of her thoroughly used sources. This overview of the book provides the reader with a well formatted look into her topics of discussion; namely the aspects of the welfare state, labour, and gender identity and understanding. We will write a custom essay sample on Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Campbell divides her book into five primary chapters; each of which discuss a variety of issues and themes supplemented thoroughly with examples of accounts. Chapter one demonstrates the vital role which women, particularly as mothers, played within the home in order to ensure economic survival. Additionally, this chapter discusses the influence and importance of society’s view of just what a â€Å"good wife/mother† was including class differences. Survival through domestic work (e. g. nutrition, clothing, keeping house, budgeting) and informal labour (e. g. taking in laundry, sewing, prostitution, taking boarders) served as staples for women and mothers alike during this era. Campbell also discusses and provides insights on the matters of single motherhood, employed married women – who were largely subject to public ire for taking the jobs of men especially if their husband also had a job– and women deserting their families. This chapter, much like the second focuses on the roles, duties and expectations placed upon women and men in regards to their families. Chapter two continues on such topic with its focus being on men. This particular chapter demonstrates the stresses placed upon the family as men — the quinticental â€Å"bread-winners† — were increasingly unable to fill their role and were forced to endure searches for work and resulted in demands of social entitlement. Campbell spends particular attention to the humiliation of men in accepting relief money and as well as the concept of being unable to provide and fill their role as husbands and fathers leading to suicide. Chapter three canvases the contributions and involvements of the youth with their families through, primarily, informal and formal labour along with theft and black market dealings. It can be seen in this chapter the weighting of school against economic need; many for going schooling due to lack of clothing, supplies and duty to the family. As the chapter progresses Campbell demonstrates the requirements placed upon the sons and daughters even as they reached adulthood and the conflicts it generated between parent and child through the various acts employed by the state (e. . Parents Maintenance Act). The subject of illegitimate children and abortions is also discussed as Campbell portrays the effect the Depression had upon marriage rates. Chapters four and five, much like chapters one and two, share similarities in their subject matter; both chapters discuss protect, state policy and provision at length. In chapter four Campbell focuses on the stresses and their effects on both men and women in the home, including domestic abuse, and towards the state (e. g. eviction protests, meetings and political mobilization). Chapter five builds on the themes of protests toward the state and the variables of such things as gender (largely traditional in nature), ethnicity and class that shaped such matters like child welfare and rightful claims. By large Campbell explores the identity of Canadians during the Great Depression through gender and family. She depicts and discusses the traditional notions of the â€Å"Bread-Winner† husband and the â€Å"Good† wife and mother; both characters that provide and sustain the families in vital ways and the reflection the trials of the era presented such â€Å"Respectable Citizens† with. The main method of asserting these notions being through her extensive use of accounts from government documents, court records, newspapers, memoirs, plays, and interviews with women and men who lived in Ontario during the 1930s. Campbell’s focus on the hardships faced during the economic crisis allows for one to neatly achieve insight into the gendered dynamics that took place within the families of Ontario’s lives. She draws less so on the notion of Canadian â€Å"Britishness† but more so on how such a foundation influenced the actions of the people in what was to be perceived as the fundamental aspects of the man and women of the house. Campbell’s focus on the family-sphere demonstrates not only aspects of class structure and gender norms but the state’s view on them. She reports that often mothers were the unsung heads of house that not only fed, cleaned, clothed and nurtured but took stock of every item and ensured that every penny eared or received was used to its full capacity (this aspect being the chief discussion topic in chapter one). Additionally, she presents the societal view of class standards of women as the consumers of society. Poor or low class women often lectured on the supposed simplicities of keeping house and, perhaps famously, â€Å"making do†, while the middle to high class women were reportedly encouraged to spend what money was available to them for the purpose of keeping the Canadian market going as opposed to their counterparts who praised for â€Å"making a dollar do the work of five† (as praised by the father of Mary Cleevson about his wife on page 26 of Campbell’s book). Campbell also goes into detail of the effectiveness of the various acts put in place during the 1930s to supplement earnings and the survivability of a family. These entitlements, while for a number of men were seen as humiliating to receive as it was a show against their ability to provide , served to identify that which adult (primarily parents) were entitled too by virtue of some nature of service. The Parent’s Maintenance Act is a good example of this; a parent or set of parents were able to call upon the court and demand payment due to them from their adult children under the basis that their sons and daughters owed a debt to them simply for being their parents. There were of course, as Campbell does not fail to provide examples for, cases in which the adult children were unable to pay due to personal circumstance or out of refusal by way of seeing their parent (particular the father) as lazy—such as the mentioned case of 52 year old Harry Bartram in June of 1937 who was denied by one of his three sons the five dollar weekly payment under such a claim (as seen on page 98 of Respectable Citizens). Finally, Campbell’s demonstrates the somewhat charming penchant Canadians appear to have for complaining. Within the chapters of Respectable Citizens one is shown various instances in which wives and mothers of all sorts take the community’s moral fiber into their own hands through acts such as calling the police on those suspected of prostitution, theft and selling on the black market and sending letters to the Primers of Ontario of the time George Henry (1930-34) and Mitchell Hepburn (1934-42) of the hardships that must face. It is this activism that becomes a part of the identity that builds into eviction protests, meetings and committees and political mobilization. Lara Campbell’s book contributes to the understanding of Canadian history and identity of the affectionately named â€Å"Dirty Thirties† by taking the opportunity to look past the issues of hunger and job loss alone and onto the people more specifically. While she does take time to emphasize the job loss and economic crisis of the decade, she applies those factors in making an effort to comprehend society’s reaction and how that reaction reflects upon gender roles and family. This analysis clearly reveals aspects of the Canadian welfare state through well-developed topics and examples, providing a comfortable read for any who should chose to read this book. The discussion of state policy, relief efforts, labour and social movements as well as they altered family dynamic of the era allows for a clear understanding on a human level. Bibliography Campbell, Lara. Respectable Citzens: Gender, Family and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression. (University of Toronto Press: 2009). How to cite Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment, Essay examples

Respectable Citizens Gender, Family and Unemployment Free Essays

Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression By Lara Campbell – A Review Lara Campbell’s, professor of history at Simon Frasier University, book Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression (published in 2009) provides a thoroughly researched look at an often looked over topic in regards to the Great Depression; gender. Her beginning introductory chapter sets the focus of this book and she takes time to consider the strengths and weaknesses of her thoroughly used sources. This overview of the book provides the reader with a well formatted look into her topics of discussion; namely the aspects of the welfare state, labour, and gender identity and understanding. We will write a custom essay sample on Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Campbell divides her book into five primary chapters; each of which discuss a variety of issues and themes supplemented thoroughly with examples of accounts. Chapter one demonstrates the vital role which women, particularly as mothers, played within the home in order to ensure economic survival. Additionally, this chapter discusses the influence and importance of society’s view of just what a â€Å"good wife/mother† was including class differences. Survival through domestic work (e. g. nutrition, clothing, keeping house, budgeting) and informal labour (e. g. taking in laundry, sewing, prostitution, taking boarders) served as staples for women and mothers alike during this era. Campbell also discusses and provides insights on the matters of single motherhood, employed married women – who were largely subject to public ire for taking the jobs of men especially if their husband also had a job– and women deserting their families. This chapter, much like the second focuses on the roles, duties and expectations placed upon women and men in regards to their families. Chapter two continues on such topic with its focus being on men. This particular chapter demonstrates the stresses placed upon the family as men — the quinticental â€Å"bread-winners† — were increasingly unable to fill their role and were forced to endure searches for work and resulted in demands of social entitlement. Campbell spends particular attention to the humiliation of men in accepting relief money and as well as the concept of being unable to provide and fill their role as husbands and fathers leading to suicide. Chapter three canvases the contributions and involvements of the youth with their families through, primarily, informal and formal labour along with theft and black market dealings. It can be seen in this chapter the weighting of school against economic need; many for going schooling due to lack of clothing, supplies and duty to the family. As the chapter progresses Campbell demonstrates the requirements placed upon the sons and daughters even as they reached adulthood and the conflicts it generated between parent and child through the various acts employed by the state (e. . Parents Maintenance Act). The subject of illegitimate children and abortions is also discussed as Campbell portrays the effect the Depression had upon marriage rates. Chapters four and five, much like chapters one and two, share similarities in their subject matter; both chapters discuss protect, state policy and provision at length. In chapter four Campbell focuses on the stresses and their effects on both men and women in the home, including domestic abuse, and towards the state (e. g. eviction protests, meetings and political mobilization). Chapter five builds on the themes of protests toward the state and the variables of such things as gender (largely traditional in nature), ethnicity and class that shaped such matters like child welfare and rightful claims. By large Campbell explores the identity of Canadians during the Great Depression through gender and family. She depicts and discusses the traditional notions of the â€Å"Bread-Winner† husband and the â€Å"Good† wife and mother; both characters that provide and sustain the families in vital ways and the reflection the trials of the era presented such â€Å"Respectable Citizens† with. The main method of asserting these notions being through her extensive use of accounts from government documents, court records, newspapers, memoirs, plays, and interviews with women and men who lived in Ontario during the 1930s. Campbell’s focus on the hardships faced during the economic crisis allows for one to neatly achieve insight into the gendered dynamics that took place within the families of Ontario’s lives. She draws less so on the notion of Canadian â€Å"Britishness† but more so on how such a foundation influenced the actions of the people in what was to be perceived as the fundamental aspects of the man and women of the house. Campbell’s focus on the family-sphere demonstrates not only aspects of class structure and gender norms but the state’s view on them. She reports that often mothers were the unsung heads of house that not only fed, cleaned, clothed and nurtured but took stock of every item and ensured that every penny eared or received was used to its full capacity (this aspect being the chief discussion topic in chapter one). Additionally, she presents the societal view of class standards of women as the consumers of society. Poor or low class women often lectured on the supposed simplicities of keeping house and, perhaps famously, â€Å"making do†, while the middle to high class women were reportedly encouraged to spend what money was available to them for the purpose of keeping the Canadian market going as opposed to their counterparts who praised for â€Å"making a dollar do the work of five† (as praised by the father of Mary Cleevson about his wife on page 26 of Campbell’s book). Campbell also goes into detail of the effectiveness of the various acts put in place during the 1930s to supplement earnings and the survivability of a family. These entitlements, while for a number of men were seen as humiliating to receive as it was a show against their ability to provide , served to identify that which adult (primarily parents) were entitled too by virtue of some nature of service. The Parent’s Maintenance Act is a good example of this; a parent or set of parents were able to call upon the court and demand payment due to them from their adult children under the basis that their sons and daughters owed a debt to them simply for being their parents. There were of course, as Campbell does not fail to provide examples for, cases in which the adult children were unable to pay due to personal circumstance or out of refusal by way of seeing their parent (particular the father) as lazy—such as the mentioned case of 52 year old Harry Bartram in June of 1937 who was denied by one of his three sons the five dollar weekly payment under such a claim (as seen on page 98 of Respectable Citizens). Finally, Campbell’s demonstrates the somewhat charming penchant Canadians appear to have for complaining. Within the chapters of Respectable Citizens one is shown various instances in which wives and mothers of all sorts take the community’s moral fiber into their own hands through acts such as calling the police on those suspected of prostitution, theft and selling on the black market and sending letters to the Primers of Ontario of the time George Henry (1930-34) and Mitchell Hepburn (1934-42) of the hardships that must face. It is this activism that becomes a part of the identity that builds into eviction protests, meetings and committees and political mobilization. Lara Campbell’s book contributes to the understanding of Canadian history and identity of the affectionately named â€Å"Dirty Thirties† by taking the opportunity to look past the issues of hunger and job loss alone and onto the people more specifically. While she does take time to emphasize the job loss and economic crisis of the decade, she applies those factors in making an effort to comprehend society’s reaction and how that reaction reflects upon gender roles and family. This analysis clearly reveals aspects of the Canadian welfare state through well-developed topics and examples, providing a comfortable read for any who should chose to read this book. The discussion of state policy, relief efforts, labour and social movements as well as they altered family dynamic of the era allows for a clear understanding on a human level. Bibliography Campbell, Lara. Respectable Citzens: Gender, Family and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression. (University of Toronto Press: 2009). How to cite Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment, Essay examples

Do curfews keep teens out of trouble free essay sample

I personally believe that curfews will not prevent teenagers from getting into trouble. Even with a curfew teens will eventually find a way to do whatever they want. If that means skiving school, sneaking out or lying. Sneaking out would give teenagers that adrenaline rush which would make them feel powerful and unstoppable, so why wouldn’t they want to do it? Also, having a curfew just adds stress on a teen, because we will freak out about running late. Does curfew really keep teens out of trouble? Although curfews would allow the teenagers a chance to change and it may work seeing that they have less time to go around causing trouble like vandalism, stealing, or take drugs. Those are just a few examples why parents would think that setting a curfew would keep their children out of trouble, however placing a curfew on them wouldn’t necessarily stop them from doing so. We will write a custom essay sample on Do curfews keep teens out of trouble? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They could be doing all these things during the day time or even bunking school just to do so as they don’t get enough free time afterwards to do anything. All of this goes to show that curfews in fact have no effect, and that teaching young teens to have morals and know what is right and what is wrong is greatly more effective than curfews. I am a teenager myself, so you might all think that I am biased towards this decision, but Ive had times with and without a curfew. And I say this, honestly, its hasnt helped me at all. My dad would let me do what I wanted from when I got home from school to when I went to bed (which was around 11, but never enforced). He told me if my grades dropped or if I did something wrong, I would get a curfew. I did mess up and my curfew was to go to bed at 10 and put the computer away at 9. I have listened to this, and my mum says that I will feel better when I wake up in the mornings because Im going to bed earlier. This isnt true because when I would normally go to bed at 10:30 and would fall asleep at 11. And I did still fall asleep at 11 during the curfew, even though I go to bed at 10. The curfew hasnt helped at all. In fact, it’s just made me and my friends bitter towards my parents because they cannot reach me after 9 oclock, especially if it’s an emergency. I know a lot of people arent going to listen to me because Im still young and have a lot to learn, but from what I have learned (because Im one of those kid who listens to their parents’ advice) most teenagers wont learn something unless they mess up or do it themselves. Trying to force them to stay out of trouble will only make them want it more. It’s like an itch you cant scratch. Before you knew it was there, you didnt care. But now that youve scratched it once, you want to keep scratching. And if the doctor says scratch, you may or may not do it. But if he says not to do it then you will always have that urge. It’s true for all humans, not just teenagers. Were just more likely to give in due to our ignorance.

Sylvia Plaths poetry

Sylvia Plath’s poetry, as many researchers have pointed out, is strewn with pictures of the holocaust. The influence of her personal life on her poems is self-evident as many of her works are semi-autobiographical in nature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sylvia Plath’s poetry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The influence of her father, Otto Plath, in her poetry is unmistakably clear (Butscher 3). Otto’s life and especially his death right before Sylvia’s eighth birthday left a profound imprint on her imagination and nurtured her style as a poet. The presentation and the poetics of torture so evident in Plath’s poetry, I believe, has stemmed from her personal life and her ancestry. The connection between the private and the public that Plath so subtly made in her poetry has been critiqued handsomely in poetics research. Plath used her private live as a medium to make it a publ ic show, where the personal dissolves completely, to form a ludicrous public show of the body (Butscher 11). Therefore, in this essay I will discuss Plath’s poems, Daddy and Lady Lazarus, where she uses death to recreate the self. Both the poems are of confessional nature, are semi autobiographical, and meddle in the private life of the poet. The paper is arranged in three sections. First, it discusses the life and philosophy of Sylvia Plath. Second, the essay discusses the style of Plath’s works. Thirdly, it will discuss two of her poems that demonstrate a public show of the private life. The first aim of the essay is to understand life of Sylvia Plath. She was an American born writer and poet of German origin. She was educated in America and then married the British poet Ted Hughes in 1956 and had two children. Her adult life was strewn with bouts of depression and her inclination to commit suicide. She finally committed suicide in 1963. Plath gave birth to a new gen re of poetry, which has been termed as confessional poetry. Both the poems discussed in the essay are confessional in nature with distinct features of the personal life of Plath being projected in the text. The political and worldview of Plath must be mentioned in order to understand her poetry. Plath worldview was mostly influenced by postmodern philosophers like Nietzschean (Peel 42). Her political and worldview are intermingled not only her direct usage of political stance in her poems especially in Ariel but also demonstrates her fight with the â€Å"Other† in order to establish self-identity.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many critics have viewed this fight as a personal and political battle that is distinctly her political view. The influence of the existentialist philosophy is also apparent in her search for self-identity through nullification of the other. O ne of the biggest influences on Sylvia Plath’s poetry was Otto Plath, her father whose life must also be brought under the microscope to understand how far the influence of her father on her poems was, or were they actually a misinterpretation of too casual reading. Otto Plath was a German born in Polish Corridor. He then migrated to America in 1901 and settled in Boston with a teaching position at the Boston University (Butscher 6). Plath’s mother, Aurelia, was an American of Austrian origin. Both of Plath’s parents grew up speaking German until the First World War when the surge of the patriotic Americans ended this (Travis 278). Both of Plath’s parents lived their adult life in America, especially during the rise of Nazism and the Second World War. He died of a gangrenous toe, and during the process of amputation, he died. These facts of Otto Plath’s life are distinctly suggested in the poem Daddy written in 1962: Ghastly statue with one gray to e Big as a Frisco seal And a head in the freakish Atlantic Where it pours bean green over blueAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sylvia Plath’s poetry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the waters off beautiful Nauset. (Plath Line: 9-13) Plath compares her father’s toe with that of a â€Å"Frisco seal† and describes it to be grey in color directly indicating to her own father’s gangrenous leg as well as to his German origin. Therefore, in a strict play of the private incidents such as the death of her father with gangrene and his German lineage are presented in the poem to actually demonstrate Plath’s abhorrence for her ancestry and therefore making a public show of it. There are other distinct references of her father’s German origin in the poem as in stanza eight of the poem we find mention of manifestly Austrian particulars: â€Å"The snows of the Tyrol, the clear bee r of Vienna / Are not very pure or true† (Line 36-37). Germany and Austria are two nations that share a common language, but are distinct. More importantly, Otto Plath does not seem to have any connection with Austria and the relevance of the lines in Otto’s life becomes unclear, as they are not explained further in the poem. Images of oppression and the holocaust are replete in the poem as Plath uses words and phrases to describe the destruction in Nazi Germany: swastikas, barbed wire, fascists, brutes, devils, and vampires. Though apparent reading of the poem with little thought into its inner meaning would suggest that Plath’s poem is a â€Å"runaway train barreling through one psychic nightmare after the other† (Platizky). Plath’s forceful vindictiveness against the father relates as a paradoxical need to return to him: â€Å"get back, back, back to you† (Line 59). However, on closer reading proves to be a conscious attempt to recreate a space for self, creating an identity that breaks away from the psychological imprint the father has on the poet. Clearly, the poet wants to disassociate herself from the memories of her father whom she still loves and misses. This can be seen as a process of creating a self-identity through repeated emphasis of the pronouns such as â€Å"I† or â€Å"my†. In a way Plath clearly demarcates the demonic imagery of the patriarchy through the description of the holocaust and creating an identity of self where the self is the victim – â€Å"I think I may well be a Jew† (Line 40) – of the autocratic patriarchy.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, according to Roger Platizky, the poem can be read as a â€Å"psychological victory of the self over the other† (106). In the end, by metaphorically killing the father, Plath successfully kills the memory of him and creates her independent self. The poem demonstrates the recreation of the self through the death of the father figure. Lady Lazarus too is a holocaust poem. Death again forms an integral part of the poem as has been observed in Daddy. Death in Lady Lazarus is projected like an art that her torturer, Herr Doktor prevents. The poem tells the story of a woman on whom the Nazi doctor was performing experimental medication to resurrect her from death. The image of the doctor is that of the Nazi dictator. Here too we get significant reference to â€Å"foot† and â€Å"Jew†. In a way, Plath identifies with art as a means of prostitution – a means of earning – and death as the way of reviving the self. Theresa Collins points out that P lath uses the holocaust imagery to present the â€Å"controller’/controlled† relationship (156). Mathew Boswell studies both the poems and writes that in both these poems Plath uses the imagery of the holocaust to describe the torture being inflicted on the narrators and it was through death (55). Lady Lazarus is a means of representation of the cannibalistic attitude of the Nazis thorough the strip shows that Lady Lazarus performs and her suicide in the end is a victory over the patriarchal control over the female flesh. The speaker of Daddy internalizes the process of being a victim while externalizing her heritage. The speaker assumes a Jewish identity though there is mention of the mother in the poem. The poem initially sets to show the narrator as the victim of the torturous nature of the father figure and metaphorically compares him to the Nazis. The imagery of the holocaust sets the clear image of a torturous father in the mind of the readers. The narrator takes the position of the victim in this poem, as was seen in case of Lady Lazarus, and talks of the overbearing figure of her father whose presence was crushing her identity. Therefore, there is a clear attempt to segregate the torturer from the victim with persistent repetition of the ‘you’ that recurs in the rhyme scheme of the poem. The narrator addresses Daddy, as the narrator calls to him, while she emphasizes on their separateness (Travis 278). There is no â€Å"we† in the poem it deals in only â€Å"you† and â€Å"I†. Creation of a separate identity, of the self in the two poems is clearly demonstrated through the metaphor of death. Plath wrote both the poems just a few months before she committed suicide, and therefore, the idea of death was used a trope to show that the independent self can only be created by killing either the self or the other. Death becomes the main theme in both these poem through which one realizes the true self-identity. Bibliography Boswell, Matthew. â€Å"‘Black Phones’: Postmodern Poetics in the Holocaust Poetry of Sylvia Plath.† Critical Survey, vol. 20 no 2 (2008): 53-64. Print. Butscher, Edward. Sylvia Plath: Method and Madness. Tuscan, AZ: Schaffner Press, 2003. Print. Collins, Theresa. â€Å"Plath’s Lady Lazarus.† Explicator vol. 56 no. 3 (1998): 156-158. Print. Plath, Sylvia. Daddy. 12 October 1962. Web. https://www.internal.org/Sylvia_Plath/Daddy. Platizky, Roger. â€Å"Plath’s Daddy.† Explicator (1997): 105-107. Print. Travis, Isabella. â€Å"‘I have always been scared of You’: Sylvia Plath, perpetrator trauma and threatening victims.† European Journal of American Culture, vol. 28 no. 3 (2009): 277-293. Print. This essay on Sylvia Plath’s poetry was written and submitted by user Jonathon Mays to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What kept the American Colonists together essays

What kept the American Colonists together essays America declared independence on July 4th 1776, although America was not united when it begun, it soon became united through common hard-times and great leaders. America was discovered and settled by many different cultures and all of the cultures clashed from the start. After studying the colonies I have come to the conclusion that the "glue" that held them together was made up of: religious bonding, leadership abilities, their economic situations, the lack of communication with England, and philosophy. The colonies spread from New York to Georgia and had several ethnic groups that had nothing in common except the belief of freedom to, practice religious beliefs and political views. No one realized this until it was brought to the table by major events and leaders. Although there are hundreds of events that took place there are four major ones in particular: the Great Awakening, the Enlightenment, Revenue Acts, and the Albany Plan. There were also many great leaders such as John Locke, Thomas Paine and Ben In 1773 the emotional, spiritual, and evangelical movement labeled the Great Awakening was lead by George Witefield, Jonathan Edwards and Elija Weelock. These three leaders helped many colonist by preaching in traveling revivals spreading the word of God to the colonist. The word of god they preached was calvinism and predestination. People feared predestination and grew closer in fear of God and become more spiritual. The 18th century was an Age of Reason were the ideas of the Great Awakening were reversed. This Enlightenment was the result for the people's thirst for knowledge, the focus was the search for human knowledge, ideas, and inventions. Practical experimentation became the method of understanding. Ben Franklin was a father of the Enlightenment and a great leader because he promoted the spread of reason through out the colonies. He was...

Revenue management in Hotel industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Revenue management in Hotel industry - Essay Example identified three conditions which would be necessary for revenue management: there should be adequate fixed resources for sale; the resources should be perishable; and customers should be willing to pay different prices for the resources. Hotels sell rooms as fixed inventory which are highly perishable and attract different prices depending on size, location and availability of unique features. Appropriate forecast enhances identification of cost drivers leading to development of appropriate measures of performance. It would enable an organization understand how operational drivers affect its financial performance outcomes. As budget forecasts are highly dependent on demand and supply, hotels should consider their room occupancy and the charged rates should increase with increase in reservations. But in practice, this does not happen and Salerno (2012) argues that most hoteliers would blindly set rates for future and then get disappointed. Poor accuracy of budgets still remains a problem in many organizations. When forecasts are made way above or below the budget, the organization risks making bad decisions based on the incorrect projections. This would also cause the management to pay less attention to budgets as they become unreliable and not trusted. Generally, inaccurate forecasts significantly affect revenue management system performance as the organization will suffer lack of proper planning (Weatherford & Kimes, 2003). When the forecasts are set so high, Hayes and Miller (2011) argue that the forecast then becomes a motivational tool for increased performance and not a revenue management tool. However, the authors note that no organization should seek to make inaccurate forecasts. These inaccuracies would be a result of deriving facts from poor tools of budgeting such as spreadsheets fed with wrong formulae. Limited time for employees to come up with good projections and their subsequent lack of motivation could also be a reason. Additionally, sidelining

Thougt it Was Safer Than Starting His Own Business Case Study

Thougt it Was Safer Than Starting His Own Business - Case Study Example Secondly, since he rose through the ranks, having retired as a senior execute from the previous firm makes Fred highly skilled in terms of possessing the knowledge, abilities and skills needed to operate a franchise within the same industry. However, there is disparity in the specific service offered by the previous organization he was employed with (automotive parts) and that of his franchise (car repair). Therefore, in terms of having direct and previous experience on operating a car repair business, Fred seemed to start as a neophyte in this kind of business endeavor. 2. Evaluate Fred’s misconceptions about being a franchisee. Speculate how common these misconceptions may be for all new franchisees. As indicated in the case facts, Fred perceived that there were apparent misconceptions in terms of â€Å"being his own boss and running his own company† (The Franchise Handbook, 2000, par. 5). According to Gappa (2012), â€Å"there are many misconceptions about franchising, but probably the most widely held is that you as a franchisee are "buying a franchise." In reality you are investing your assets in a system to utilize the brand name, operating system and ongoing support. You and everyone in the system are licensed to use the brand name and operating system† (Gappa, 2012, par. 5). ... red’s assertion that one of the misconceptions of franchising is thinking that when one enters into a franchising agreement, the franchisee would be his own boss and would run his own company. As a franchise, all the terms of the franchisor would be followed and adhered to. Likewise, it was emphasized that â€Å"as a franchisee you own the assets of your company, which you have chosen to invest in someone else's brand and operating system and ongoing support. You own the assets of your company, but you are licensed to operate someone else's business system† (Gappa, 2012, par. 11). It could be therefore common for new franchisees to assume that by entering into a franchise agreement, the new venture would give one the opportunity to own a business and be one’s own boss – since one would invest considerable amount of funds that could be parallel with investing on establishing a practically new business venture. The only difference in franchising is that one opted to invest in a previously established business with previously established historical performance to gauge customer’s response to the product (or service) and therefore provide a plus factor in terms of image, core competence and competitive advantage. 3. Suggest what Fred could have done differently to be better informed and advise Fred on action he can or should take now knowing his situation. For new entrepreneurs and business practitioners who are thinking of starting a new business venture or opting to enter into a franchising agreement, to be better informed, there must have been a more comprehensive and extensive research undertaken on the alternative courses of action: to establish a new business venture or to enter into a franchising agreement. There are advantages and disadvantages to both

Decrease Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

Decrease Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Patients on ventilator support are very prone to respiratory infections. These patients have no means or control over what enters their lungs or what does not. One prevalent infectious process that can occur in these patients is ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), and affects many patients every year who require ventilator support. Ventilator associated pneumonia is a form of pneumonia, a lung infection, which occurs in mechanically ventilated patients. It develops at least 48 hours or more after the ventilator is utilized (Powers, 2006). Ventilator associated pneumonia is caused by bacterial organisms entering the patients lower respiratory tract usually by aspiration of oral pharyngeal secretions. The bacteria colonize within the lungs causing immune response or infection to occur (Powers, 2006). The development of this infection can lead to a decline in the patients outcome and increased healthcare cost to the patient as well as the health care facility (Mori, 2006). With all t hese problems VAP can produce it is important to the patient as well as healthcare providers to be able to find ways to reduce the development of VAP cases in patients. The purpose of this paper is to determine if routine oral care can decrease the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. The picot question guiding this paper is what effect does routine oral care have on the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia rates in mechanically ventilated patients. Background and Significance Ventilator associated pneumonia is a serious infection affecting both the patient, healthcare facility, and staff. It is the second most common healthcare-acquired infection (Koening, 2006). Incidence of VAP is estimated as high as 65% and it occurs in up to 28% of patients who have been on the ventilator 48 hours or longer (Powers, 2006). The mortality rate associated with VAP ranges from 12-50% (Sona et al, 2009). Studies on the mortality rates of VAP also show that patients who develop VAP have a 2.2 to 4.3 times higher risk of death compared to other mechanically ventilated patients who do not have pneumonia (Powers, 2006). A couple affects that VAP has upon the patient and healthcare facility are time of hospitalization and healthcare costs. Ventilator associated pneumonia causes the length of a hospital stay to increase significantly. It can increase the hospitalization time anywhere from four to nineteen days longer (Powers, 2006). This extra hospitalization can cause additional stress for the patient and their health. As the incidence of VAP causes longer hospitalizations to occur, patient and health care facility costs climb also. It is estimated that the average increase in hospital costs is around $57,000 per VAP occurrence (Powers, 2006). There are also increases to the hospital that occur due to increases in supplies used, staff that is utilized, and more medications used. Since VAP has such a negative impact upon patients and healthcare facilities many interventions have been tried to prevent the incidence of VAP. One intervention utilized is keeping the head of the patients bed raised to at least thirty degrees to prevent aspiration of bacteria in secretions. Another is sedation vacations which consists of interrupting the patients sedation medication until patient shows signs of alertness, to assess if patients can be weaned off the ventilator more quickly. Other notable interventions that have been utilized in the past and some in todays practice as well include: suctioning secretions, good aseptic techniques such as hand washing, and oral care (Pruitt Jacobs, 2006). Patients are continually developing VAP and having complications from the infection. If it is found that routine oral care, defined as teeth brushing with the use of an oral antimicrobial within this paper, can reduce the incidence of VAP in mechanically ventilated patients it could decrease length of hospital stay, keep costs due to incidence of VAP down for both patient and healthcare institution, as well as decrease mortality rates in these patients. Clinical Question Ventilator associated pneumonia occurs way too often in the hospital setting. It causes significant stress on the patients already problematic health status. The writer of this paper has observed many nurses who are vigilant in providing oral care to ventilated patients, but has also observed other nurses who forego oral care as if it not important and has no affects upon the patients health. This made the writer question what the actual effectiveness of oral care has upon reducing the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. This issue is very relevant to nursing because the ultimate goal of a nurse is to help the patient have the best possible outcome. Trying to achieve the best possible outcome for the patient makes infection control is a very high priority for nurses. Patients who have infections are more prone to get other infections and require more nursing care and more time to recover from their illnesses. Although VAP will continue to occur in patients, and oral care is not a cure for ventilator associated pneumonia, there is valuable information included in research studies included within this paper that shows the incidence of VAP can be reduced in mechanically ventilated patients by implementing routine oral care. Empirical Review 1 The purpose of the first study, conducted by Sona et al, 2005 was to determine the effect of a routine oral care protocol upon incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The research design was a quantitative, experiment, quasi-experimental study which utilized a non-equivalent control group before and after the design. The study had no conceptual framework stated by the researchers. Within the study, the variables of significance to the clinical question being looked at were the routine oral care protocol and the ventilator-associated pneumonia rates. The independent variable of new oral care protocol was defined as the mechanical cleansing of the teeth or gums to remove plaque with a tooth brush and the application of an oral antimicrobial. The study went on to further discuss the protocol as brushing the teeth for one to two minutes with a regular toothbrush and then applying .12% chlorahexidine to all oral surfaces every twelve hours. The dependent variable was the ventilator associated pneumonia rates. It was defined as a common hospital acquired infection and is the leading cause of death in ICU patients who are ventilator dependent. Ventilator associated pneumonia rates were measured using the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS) criteria.The reliability nor the validity of this instrument was addressed within the study. Another variable that was studied was length of stay. This was just measured by the number of days that the patient spent within the ICU after a ventilator associated pneumonia infection occurred (Sona et al., 2009). This study took place at Barnes Jewish Hospital on a 24 bed intensive care unit (Sona et al., 2009). The study focused particularly on patients that were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) whom required mechanical ventilation. The subjects consisted of all patients who had mechanical ventilation between June 1, 2003 and May 31, 2005. Subjects were chosen using non-probability convenience sampling. The pre-intervention was implemented for patients that were admitted between June 1, 2003 and May 31, 2005. The size of this sample was 777 patients. The pre-intervention phase consisted of standard care the nurse provided to the patients, no changes were provided during this time; only observation took place. One month before the end of the pre-intervention phase all nursing staff working on the SICU were debriefed and educated on the aims of the study as well as the new routine oral care protocol by two clinical nurse specialists and a nurse educator. This was to help pre vent discrepancies in the intervention. During the post intervention phase of the study which took place between June 2004 until May 2005 the sample size consisted of 871 patients who were all nil per os (NPO) (Sona et al., 2009) On June 1, 2004 the new routine oral care protocol was implemented (Sona et al., 2009). The intervention/protocol consisted of the nurse brushing the teeth of the patient for one to two minutes with a regular toothbrush, rinsing the mouth with water and suctioning it out, and then using 15 mL of .12% chlorahexidine to cleanse the mouth. The intervention was repeated every 12 hours by the registered nursing staff. Compliance of the protocol was estimated to be around 90% and the implementation was carried out for 12 months before results were analyzed(Sona et al., 2009). For this study the level of significance was expressed using p-values. A p value of less than .05 was considered significant (Sona et al., 2009). For the data analysis, two statistical tests were used: The Mantel-Haesnel Chi Squared . After the analysis of data, it was determined that p=.04 showing that the routine oral care protocol did cause a significant reduction in the ventilator-associated pneumonia rates within the subjects studied. The pre-intervention rate for VAP was 5.2 infection per 1000 ventilator days while post-intervention rate for VAP showed 2.4 infections per 1000 ventilator days (Sona et al., 2009). Other statistics for the study showed the patients number of days the patient was on ventilator was decreased(Sona et al., 2009). From the statistical analysis within the study, the researchers derived certain findings and conclusions (Sona et al., 2009). One of the findings was that the post intervention group had trends toward shorter time on the ventilator, as well as length of hospital stay. The main finding within the study found that when the routine oral care protocol was being utilized, the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia were significantly decreased. The researcher makes it a point to state that although the finding suggests that the implementation of the protocol reduces rate of VAP this cannot be proven (Sona et al., 2009). This study is a nonrandomized controlled trial. The quality of this evidence was convincing and significant. It was a consistent study and it is considered to be of Level II quality. Certain extraneous variables that could have had an effect upon the outcome of the study, as identified by the student, could have been the condition the patient was in before the ICU admission, any pre-existing conditions that could alter health and increase the risk of infection, and the nurses attitude toward performing oral care. Although the study was a strong and consistent one, it did have both strengths and weaknesses. There were no strengths identified by the researchers. However, the student did identify some strengths within this study. One of the first strengths was the education that was given to the nursing staff prior to the implementation of the protocol. This helped the study to be more valid by increasing the continuity of the care and way the nurses performed the protocol. The other strength of the study was the design being a quasi-experimental. This is because quasi-experimental studies usually can be generalized to the population that is being studied. Weaknesses that were addressed within the study by the researchers was that the researchers themselves did not evaluate the teeth brushing portion of the intervention to make sure that the nurses were being consistent in the way they did it, and if the nurses performed it for the correct amount of time (Sona et al., 2009). This resulted in the lack of control over nursing techniques. Another weakness of the study recognized by the researcher was the study did not take into account the change in the patient population over the duration of the study (Sona et al., 2009). Some weaknesses the student identified within this study was that the study was very susceptible to bias because no blinding or masking was used within this study. Everyone knew what was occurring and this could have had the researchers looking as if the intervention helped more than it actually did. Within the study the researcher did not address if the study could be generalized. However, the writer of the paper believes that this study can be generalized. The intervention is a very simple one. Most cultures have no problems with utilizing oral care. Also, most hospitals have intensive care units and/or ventilator dependent patients which were the population within the study. This intervention within the study does not have a lot of risks. The only risks mentioned were possible tooth staining from the antimicrobial and poor taste (Sona et al., 2009). Also, this intervention is very feasible. To implement oral care there is no special training needed, although education should be provided. The oral care routine is a relatively quick intervention that takes no more than 5 minutes to implement, which would allow nurses with busy schedules to still be able to perform the intervention. Also, this intervention is very low cost compared to the cost of ventilator associated pneumonia c ases. Therefore, the cost-benefit ratio would be a great benefit to health-care facilities. This study suggests that oral care can be very effective in decreasing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia rates. Although a very valid study, one study is not enough evidence to implement a new protocol into a nurses practice. One must look for more studies and literature to support the finding in order to attempt to implement it into practice. The next study that was appraised by the writer of this paper seems to support the findings that were found in this study. Empirical Review 2 The next study examined by the writer of this paper was a research study conducted by Mori et al.,2005. The purpose of the study was to determine if oral care of mechanically ventilated patients contributed to the prevention and reduction of the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia (Mori et al., 2005). The research design utilized for this study was a quantitative, experimental, quasi-experimental which used a non-equivalent before and after approach. Within the study the researcher did not state any theoretical framework to guide the study. The study was not randomized, and used a non-probability convenience sample method (Mori et al., 2005). The research study took place on a medical/surgical intensive care unit in an urban university hospital which was not named by the researcher (Mori et al., 2005). The population of interest was ventilator dependent patients with tracheal intubation. Since subjects were chosen by convenience sampling, they were chosen as they became available on the unit. Inclusion criteria for subjects were that they must have been receiving mechanical ventilation and have tracheal intubation. Exclusion criteria for the study were patients whose conditions contraindicated oral care, patients with severe bleeding tendencies, or patients with iodine allergies. The sample for the oral care group was patients admitted to the intensive care unit between January 1997 and December 2002, and consisted of 1,248 patients. The sample for the non-oral care group, or the control, was patients admitted during January of 1995 until December of 1996; this sample size was 414 subjects (Mori et al., 2005) For this study, the independent variable was the oral care being delivered (Mori et al., 2005). This variable was defined as cleansing of the oral cavity three times a day by nursing employees following the specified new protocol. The protocol was that the nurse would check the patients vital signs and then do oral suctioning, followed by positioning the patients head to the side to prevent asphyxiation and determine the condition of the oral mucosa. After this the nurse would clean the mouth with a 20-fold diluted solution of providone-iodine gargle (antimicrobial). Then the use of a standard toothbrush was used to brush the teeth; the patients mouth was rinsed with water. Directly following the brushing and rinsing, the providone-iodine was utilized again by swabbing the mouth and teeth. Finally, oral suctioning was done one final time. The dependent variable in the study was the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia. This variable was defined as a hospital-acquired pneumoni a that becomes present after 48 hours of the patient being mechanically ventilated. Ventilator associated pneumonia was suspected if patch infiltrates were present upon the patients chest x-ray and two of the following were present: a temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit, white blood cell count of 10,000 m3 or higher, or purulent respiratory secretions were observed. A definite diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia, which was used for evidence of the incidence in this study, was determined by trancheobronchial secretion cultures showing a result of 1+ or more. Other variables were duration of hospitalization defined as length of stay measured by the number of days and the causative agent of the pneumonia identified by bacterial cultures (Mori et al., 2005). Reliability and Validity of the cultures and radiography used to measure if ventilator associated pneumonia was present and causative agent were not addressed within the study by the researcher, so the validity is unkno wn.

The Potential of Gene Therapy to Cure Diabetes Essay -- Biology Medica

The Potential of Gene Therapy to Cure Diabetes Abstract Gene therapy treats and prevents a disease by introducing a vector of genetic material into certain cells to alter the function or ability of a gene. The promise of gene therapy as a cure for diabetes has been considered ever since this new technology emerged into the clinical and research sphere. Although such methods have yet to undergo human clinical tests, gene therapy holds much potential to bring a radical new way of treating autoimmune diseases such as diabetes. By targeting certain genes that control the insulin and ?-cell production in the pancreas, gene therapy will someday fulfill its potential to cure the disease that is the number one cause of heart disease in the United States. This paper will explore the potential protocols and products that can be used to treat Type I Diabetes. Diabetes is an autoimmune disease that has affected more than 140 million people in the world. This disease, results from the attack of the killer T-cells of the immune system upon the ?-cells in the pancreas that produces insulin. (Lin et al., 2001). Until recently, this disease could only be treated with daily insulin injections and adherence to a strict, low glucose diet. With more than ninety percent of diabetics at risk for future complications like heart disease, blindness, and renal failure, diabetes has developed into more than just a medical issue. Diabetes is also becoming largely an emotional and economic issue. Victims of this disease have no choice but to adjust their lives around the only object that could change their lives?a daily injection that may cost 50% of the annual income in developing countries and up to 600% in non-developed countries. New technology th... ...ne Therapy, (10), 875-889. Grey, S.T., et al. (1999). Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the anti-apoptotic protein A20 in rodent islets inhibits IL-1ï ¿ ½-induced NO release. Transplantation Proceedings, (31),789. Lin, Andrew, Cathy Huang, and Kendrick Ong. (2001). Type I AutoImmune Diabetes. Diabetes & Gene Therapy. July 21, 2005: http://dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca/~jlm2001/J01T0301B/index.html Nitta, Y., et al. (1998). Systemic Delivery of Interleukin 10 by Intramuscular Injection of Expression Plasmid DNA Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Human Gene Therapy, (9), 1701-1707. Rudolph, Frederick B., et al. (1996). Biotechnology: Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry P. Thule, P.M. and Liu, J.M. (2000). Regulated hepatic insulin gene therapy of STZ-diabetic rats. Gene Therapy 7: 1744-1752.

Indian Cheese Industry

Market Analysis: The Indian Cheese Industry| September 18 2010 | This Report gives a market study of the Indian cheese industry, key players and their market shares and strategies. It contains a study about the scope for growth in this sector and a SWOT analysis of the same. | Indian Cheese Industry| INDEX Sr. No| Topic| Page No. | 1. | Overview| 1| 2. | Market Size and Growth| 1| 3. | Key Players| 1| 4. | Analysis of Individual Players4. 1. Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) 4. 2. Britannia New Zealand Foods Private Ltd. Industries Limited (BNZF)4. . Dabon International Private Limited4. 4. Imported Cheese Market4. 5. Regional Players| 33781011| 5. | SWOT Analysis of the Indian cheese industry5. 1. Strengths5. 2. Weaknesses5. 3. Opportunities5. 4. Threats| 1212131314| 6. | Market Segmentation| 14| 7. | Trends in the Indian cheese market| 15| 8. | Observations| 15| 9. | Summary| 16| 1o. | Key Government Contacts| 17| 11. | References| 18| The Indian cheese Industry 1. Overview Except for the popular Indian variety of cottage cheese-Paneer, India is not traditionally a ‘cheese nation'.But, with the growing saturation of cheese consumption in the West and encouraging successes in other ‘non-cheese' Asian countries like Japan and China; overseas cheese producers are eyeing the Indian market for its huge promise. The organised cheese industry in India is at best in its nascent stage, accounting for less than 1% of total dairy production and largely limited to urban consumption. Though cheese was first marketed in India under the brand name ‘Amul', from the popular Amul butter stable in the late 1970s, it attained an identity of its own only as late as 1990s. 2.Market Size and Growth rate The organized cheese industry in the country as of 2006, is valued at Rs 250 crore (US$ 50 million), with a volume of more than 8000 tonnes. The industry growth rate is estimated at about 10%-12% per year in terms of volume and 16%-17% per year in value terms. Current household cheese penetration is 5%, with about 50% of consumption being limited to cities. Mumbai and Delhi together capture half of the cheese market. Within cheese products, around 60% of the market is dominated by processed cheese, 30% by cheese spreads and the remaining 10% by flavoured and specialty cheese. .Key players The Indian cheese market is dominated by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation that uses the brand name Amul and Britannia New Zealand Foods Pvt. Limited, using the brand name ‘Britannia MilkMan'. Amul is way ahead of competition and owns about 60% of the market. Britannia has about a 25% share. Other players are Dabon International Private Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of the French dairy company Bongrain S. A and other regional brands like Mother Dairy and Vijaya. These companies have a 10% market share.The remainder 5% of the market is taken by imported cheese brands, retailed in specialty stores. Table 1: The Indian Cheese Market Key players Brand(s)| Estimated Share of Market (%)| Amul| 60| Britannia MilkMan| 25| Le Bon, Regional brands e. g. Mother Dairy, Vijaya| 10| Imported brands e. g. Kraft, Laughing Cow| 5| Fig 1: Pie chart showing % market share of the major players 4. Analysis of individual players: 4. 1. Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) 4. 1. 1. Company Profile: Amul is the leading brand name for products produced and marketed by the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF).GCMMF is an apex body of milk co-operatives in Gujarat and heralded the ‘white revolution' in India that turned the country from having a milk-deficit to the largest milk producer in the world. GCMMF also markets milk powder and dairy whiteners under the Amulya and Sagar brand names. Amul is the oldest and the most established dairy brand in the country, with its first product, Amul butter, being marketed since 1946. Today, the company has its roots deep in the dairy market and is increasingly focusing on the value added segment that includes health drinks, cheese and dairy based desserts.Turnover in 2005-2006 was US$ 850 million with a year-on-year growth of 29%. 4. 1. 2. Cheese Perspective: Amul brands and markets itself as the largest vegetarian cheese producer in the world since all its cheese varieties are made from microbial rather than animal rennet. This immediately makes the brand's' cheese products favourable in a country with the most vegetarians in the world. Also, it sources its cheese form buffalo milk, which is popular in India. 4. 1. 3: Products The various products produced by Amul are shown in the table below.Table 2: Cheese Products by Amuls Cheese Product| Description| Maximum Retail Price| Amul Pasteurised Processed Cheese| A cheddar cheese| 400g: Rs 86 1 kg: Rs 163| Amul Cheese Spreads (in three flavours)| Combination of Cheddar and soft cheese. | 200g: Rs 32| Amul Emmental Cheese| Specialty Swiss cheese which is sweet, dry and ha s a hazelnut aroma| 400g: Rs120| Amul Pizza Mozzarella Cheese| For use in pizzas| 200g: Rs 43| Gouda Cheese| Specialty Dutch cheese. Manufactured under a Swiss technical collaboration in the North Eastern Himalayan state of Sikkim.   | Amul chiplets| Individually packed single serve cheese cubes| 200g: Rs 50| Amul Malai Paneer| Indian cottage cheese| 100g: Rs14200g: Rs 26 1kg: Rs 115| Amul cheese slices| For sandwiched and burgers| 100g: Rs27 200g: Rs52| Amul Pizza| Frozen pizzas| Rs 30| Its cheese business grew at 18% in 2005-2006. GCMMF exports cheese to the tune of 600 tons, making it the largest cheese exporter in the country. The export market includes the Middle East, Singapore, Hong Kong, and the United States of America; countries that have a large Indian population, and the neighbouring countries of Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Nepal.A very rewarding strategy for Amul has been to also enter the cheese dependent food product category. It produces over 300,000 frozen pizzas (using mozzarella cheese), priced at a mere Rs 30 apiece. This has provided strong competition to international brands in the market which traditionally only sell pizzas at their retail outlets and at much higher prices. 4. 1. 4. Strategy: As its product lists, GCMMF has capitalized on the value added segment with a wide range of Amul cheeses. The Amul brand represents ‘value for money' to the Indian consumer and its cheese portfolio is competitively priced and of assured quality.The company has been aggressively marketing its cheese products, to the extent of even moving away from its umbrella brand strategy and introducing a new mascot, the Amul Cheese Boy. When low cost pizzas were introduced, GCMMF adopted an innovative and successful strategy of increasing sales of an elitist product (cheese) by reducing the price of another elitist product (pizzas). Especially since 2005, the company has focused on expanding its already strong distribution network to smaller cities as cheese d emand has rapidly expanded beyond the large metros. . 2. Britannia New Zealand Foods Private Ltd. Industries Limited (BNZF) 4. 2. 1. Company Profile: BNZF is a joint venture company founded in 2002 by Britannia Industries Limited (BIL) and Fonterra Co-operative Group of New Zealand. The company focuses entirely on the dairy business, with cheese being its flagship product. The other products it sells are dairy whiteners, butter, ghee (Indian clarified butter) and a malt drink- Anlene. All products are marketed under the ‘Britannia MilkMan' brand.BIL (known as Britannia Biscuit company until 1979) has essentially been a ‘biscuit company', that had humble beginnings in Calcutta in 1892. Its big break came during World War II when the Indian Government contracted it to supply biscuits to the armed forces and since then it became a market leader in the biscuit segment. In 1954, the company also began producing and selling bread and it was as late as 1997, that it entered the dairy industry. In 2002, Forbes Global rated BIL as one of the top 200 small companies of the world and as a strong and trusted brand in India.The Wadia Group of India along with Groupe Danone of France are equal shareholders in ABIL, UK which is a major shareholder in Britannia Industries Limited. Fonterra Cooperative Group is New Zealand's largest company and amongst the ten largest dairy companies in the world. The dairy expertise and global experience for the Joint Venture comes from Fonterra Cooperative while Britannia's contribution is its brand name, large distribution network and the understanding of the Indian market. Like BIL, BNZF also comes under the umbrella of the Wadia Group of companies.Its turnover in 2005-2006 is US$ 24 million with about 50% coming from processed cheese, 30% from the dairy whitener and the remaining 20% from butter and ghee sales. 4. 2. 2. Cheese Perspective: BNZF only sells in the processed cheese segment and has five variations of processed che ese in the market, besides a cheese dip product. Over half of the company's revenues come from the processed cheese segment. BNZF cheese is priced at a premium in the market; one reason being that the cheese is sourced from cow's milk (unlike Amul that sources its cheese from buffalo milk). . 2. 3. Products: Cheese cubes, Cheese singles (regular and Slim variants), Britannia Milkman Malai Chaska- a soft, fresh and creamy ‘dairy spread,’ which has a mild, tangy taste, Britannia cheese spread in different flavours like Masala Herbs, Spicy Cilantro, Peppy Pepper etc. , and Pizza cheese. 4. 2. 4. Strategy: Rather than focusing on competitive pricing, BNZF has adopted a ‘three-pronged strategy’ of: Freshness (lower pipeline stock), Availability (improve distribution network) and Visibility (more shelf space at modern trade).At present, cheese products, contribute to around 50 % of the Rs 120 crore turnover of the dairy product company (which markets its products under the brand name Britannia Milkman) while its Diary whitener contributes to 30% and butter and ghee together account for 20 %. 4. 3. Dabon International Private Limited 4. 3. 1. Company profile: Dabon International Private Limited is wholly owned by the French dairy major Bongrain SA. The company began as a joint venture with Dabur India in 1996, but in June 2005, Dabur exited from the business.The company said that they had decided to exit because cheese and milk products were a ‘non-core' business for them. Dabon is the only international cheese company to produce and sell cheese in the country, using the brand name Le Bon. It has a state of the art facility in Noida, near Delhi. Despite having made losses, the company has been in an expansion mode, offering a selection of processed cheese products. Adapting to Indian tastes, it has also recently introduced in Delhi and Mumbai, Indian cottage cheese with the brand name ‘Le Paneer'. Dabon markets its cheese to both the retail and institutional sector. . 3. 2. Cheese Perspective: Dabon focuses on the processed cheese segment, catering to both the retail and institutional markets. In the former, it has been targeting families and children (like the other brands) and in the latter category, it has standard and customized products for fast food chains, hotels, flight caterers and restaurants. Some of its institutional clients include Domino Pizza, Papa John’s Pizza, Oberoi Flight Services and the Ambassador.Besides drawing on the international cheese portfolio of its parent Bongrain SA, Dabon has realized that to compete, it has to cater to ethnic tastes. Le Paneer', the Indian cottage cheese variety was recently introduced as a brand in Delhi and Mumbai. 4. 3. 3. Products Table 3: Dabon Products for the Retail Sector Cheese Product| Description| Maximum Retail Price| Le Bon Creamy n Sancky Cheese Portions| A ready to eat snack, targeted at children. | 6 portion pack – 114g – Rs 36 Single portion – 19g – Rs 6| Le Bon creamy Cheese spread (Bottled spread in two flavours: Plain and Black pepper)| Marketed as a low fat butter substitute, with 60% less fat than butter. Both flavours: 200g-Rs 45| Le Bon Tasty Cheese Slices ( Two flavours: Plain and Black pepper)| A ready to eat snack, targeted at children| Plain: 170g- Rs 57 Black Pepper: 170g- Rs 59| Le Bon Grate n Garnish Cheese| A mild processed cheese for grating and garnishing. | Comes in 4 different pack sizes: 100g – Rs 24, 200g – Rs 46, 400g – Rs 86, 1Kg – Rs 185| Le Bon Paneer| Indian Cottage cheese| 200g: Rs 26 400g: Rs 50| Table 4: Dabon Products for the Institutional Sector Cheese Product| Description| Creamy n Sancky Cheese Portions| Suitable for in-flight meals, mini-bars and breakfast buffets.Available in 19g portions| Creamy Cheese spread (Two flavours: Plain and Black pepper)| Suitable for Italian food, baked dishes and dips| Individually wrapped che ese Slices (Two flavours: Plain and Black pepper)| For burgers and sandwiches. Available in 17g portions| Grate n Garnish Cheese| An all-purpose mild processed cheese for grating and garnishing. Available in 1kg blocks| Cheddar Processed Cheese| All-purpose cheddar processed cheese. Available in 1kg blocks| Le Bon Paneer| Indian Cottage cheese. Available in 200g and 400g packets| 4. 3. 6. Strategy:Dabon has played it safe in the Indian market so far, confining production and sales to the popular processed cheese and Paneer segment. It capitalizes on the fact that it uses international world class production techniques with a focus on quality and hygiene. Bongrain SA obviously believes in the potential for cheese in India, increasing its investment in the country despite having its joint venture partner Dabur pull out. 4. 4. 1. Imported cheese Market When the Indian government removed quantitative restrictions on consumer products in 2001, it was expected that imported products would flood the market and pose a threat to local brands.International cheese companies have established agents to market their products and enter the Indian market. The three main importers are: Bel Fromageries  which introduced its Laughing Cow brand in 2001 and more recently, Kiri cream cheese. Kraft cheese is presently available only in specialty imported goods stores. However, the company is planning to enter the Indian market and its strategy is to have an extensive reach into small retail outlets in the country. The company also aims at a presence by introducing ‘affordable products with the right attributes that meet local consumer needs'.Boursin a large French cheese maker announced its entry as an importer of cheese into the Indian market in November 2006. Boursin will be traded in the country by RRO, which has a tie up with Unilever for marketing and distribution. RRO is an established importer of international branded consumer food items. Boursin is a 100% Vegetarian Cheese since it is made without animal rennet. The product is available in four varieties in the country: Boursin Plain, Bourisn Garlic and Fine herbs, Boursin Pepper, and Boursin Shallot and Chives.Boursin Cheese is available at several leading food outlets in the country. 4. 5. 1. Regional Players: Encouraged by the success of Amul, many state dairy cooperatives have entered the cheese segment. These cooperatives have capitalized on their existing brand strengths to capture a sizeable market share in their region. Prominent regional players are: Table 5: Regional Players in the Indian Cheese Market Company| Brand ;amp; Regions| Cheese Products| Other Products|Mother Dairy India Limited (wholly owned by National Dairy Development Board)| Mother Dairy (North India, Mumbai and Calcutta| Individually wrapped slices, Cheese spread, Cheese cubes and Paneer| Liquid Milk, Yogurt, Ice creams, Dairy Whiteners, Butter, Frozen vegetables, Fresh fruits and vegetables, Vegetable oils and Fruit juices| Milkfed (Punjab State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation)| Verka (North India, Mumbai and Calcutta)| Cheese spread, Processed cheddar cheese, Natural cheddar cheese, Cheese singles and Paneer| Flavoured milk, Lassi, Yogurt, Butter, Ghee, Milk powders, Malted drink, Ice-creams, Milk based Indian sweets| Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperation Federation (APDDCF)| Vijaya (Predominantly South India based)| Processed cheese| Sterilized Flavoured Milk, Paneer, Indian sweets and Buttermilk| Of the above listed players, Mother Dairy is the largest, with aggressive growth plans in the cheese business.The company's strategy is to focus on the large children’s segment, with two successful marketing campaigns in 2006 – aimed at the child consumer, and to have a better relationship with retailers. As part of its strategy to increase its national presence, Mother Dairy also plans to improve its distribution network and increase the shelf life of its cheese – so as to increase its reach in the country. Mother Dairy's sales for cheese are increasing at about 30-40% a year. Two other state cooperatives that produce and market cheese are the southern states of Karnataka (Nandini brand) and Tamil Nadu (Aavin brand). These two brands though, essentially maintain a state presence rather than a regional one. 5. SWOT Analysis of Indian cheese industryFor developing a sound strategic plan for the cheese industry and mainly for the marketing and brand recognition, first a detailed analysis is required to be done. For this reason, a SWOT analysis of the same is done as shown below: 5. 1. Strengths: The Demand for cheese is ever increasing with change in the consumption pattern of consumers. In the mass consumption category, Indian consumers are more ready to buy off the shelf. Paneer, which all the major cheese producers are marketing as a branded product, was traditionally homemade. Secondly, with greater international exposure, rising incomes and brand affiliation; the demand for niche cheese products has increased.Amul was an early mover in capitalizing on the demand for specialized cheeses like Gouda and Emmental. The profit margins for companies are  quiet reasonable since competition is not very fierce like in the Indian telecom sector. The availability  of raw material is abundant since India is the world’s largest milk producer, accounting for more than 13% of world’s total milk production. India has abundant technical  manpower which can be professionally-trained; a technical human resource pool is available. 5. 2. Weaknesses: One of the biggest problems in the marketing of cheese is the lack of existing infrastructure, especially cold chains from the producer to the consumer.Existing players, especially Amul that also uses such facilities for its other dairy products like milk, already has a fairly well established national network. However, new entrants, including importers need to make extra in frastructural investments. This can be quite daunting for companies that are making a market entry into the dairy and cheese industry, particularly with limited existing knowledge of current distribution issues. The lack of cold storage facilities cause the biggest problems to regional players who are trying to gain a national presence. They neither have existing infrastructure nor the financial muscle of international companies. To improve logistical issues, some regional players, like Mother Dairy are positioning their plants in different geographical regions.Many regional cheese brands are currently not able to retail nationwide because of the limited shelf life of their cheese products. For example, Mother Dairy, a subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board and a hugely successful retailer has confined most of its sales to the northern belt. Its reason- the shelf like of most of its dairy products including cheese is only about 10 days. . India being the second largest c ountry in the world and a land of distances, most regional producers do not have the advanced packaging, processing and distribution technology for geographical expansion 5. 3. Opportunities: The increasing incomes of the people due to a strong growth in the GDP allow huge potential for growth. The cheese industry is growing at almost 20% per year.The explosion of retailing in India will probably have a significant impact on the cheese industry; it will provide the cheese manufacturing companies with better distribution networks which will result in an increase in sales. There is a phenomenal scope for innovations in product development, packaging and presentation. I. e. Indianization of cheese by coming up with various different flavours suited to Indian tastes. E. g. Dabon, in acknowledgement of customer preferences for indigenous cheese, has customized their portfolio to include paneer. Efforts to exploit export potential are already on. Amul is exporting to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka , Nigeria, and the Middle East. Following the new GATT treaty, opportunities will increase tremendously for the export  of agro-products in general and dairy products in particular for the local players.There is scope form improvement in Food Technology to increase the shelf life of cheese and thus increase the nationwide presence of cheese products. 5. 4. Threats: Importing cheese, especially for mass consumption faces two main stumbling blocks:   i) High costs: Added to the high cost of importing cheese, importers often also have to invest substantially in a distribution network due to the lack of cold chains. Indian consumers are price sensitive and importers find it difficult competing against local, better priced brands, which are also in synch with the local palate. ii) Inordinate time lag in supplies: Due to logistics and the duration of the import process, replenishing stock takes at least a couple of months, making it difficult for importers to cater rapidly to demand v ariations.Competition among Sellers: The two pronged strategy that sellers will follow in the next few years is i) To increase the size of the market through greater awareness, and ii) To increase availability of cheese products to the expanded market. The Amul and Britannia brands have the strongest national dairy brand identity. To compete with these established brands and gain national presence, other cheese retailers will resort to heavy marketing. Cheese advertising budgets alone are likely to be around 2%-4% of total revenues. Advertising strategies could include, for e. g. cross selling with complementary food products and offering free cheese tasting sessions. In the past couple of years, for example, Mother Dairy has already been pursuing aggressive advertising strategies.One successful promotion in Delhi and Mumbai was the â€Å"Cheese khao superhero ban jao† (Eat Cheese to become a Superhero) event, where kids buying cheese at retail outlets were invited for a phot o- op – dressed as superheroes with a framed photograph presented to them. Another helped the company bond better with its retailers. In November 2005, retailers in Delhi displayed banners proclaiming, â€Å"Cheese ke saath bees ki cheez† (Buy Cheese and get Rs. 20 worth of freebies), a proposal where, if a consumer bought Mother Dairy cheese, the retailer would offer her free purchases worth Rs 20 from the store. Both these innovative campaigns were hugely successful in brand awareness and sales.Conclusion: The study of this  SWOT  analysis shows that the ‘strengths’ and ‘opportunities’ far outweigh ‘weaknesses’ and ‘threats’. Strengths and opportunities are fundamental and weaknesses and threats are transitory. Any investment idea can do well only when you have three essential ingredients: entrepreneurship (the ability to take risks), innovative approach (in product lines and marketing) and values (of quality/et hics). 5. Market Segmentation: In terms of market segmentation, all the Indian cheese brands cater primarily to the retail sector. On the other hand, Dabon International Private Limited and Bel Fromageries have a retail and institutional client focus.The insitutional sector, comprising fast food chains, restaurants, in-flight caterers and hotels also source their cheese from private dairy companies like Dynamix Dairy. Geographically, cheese is produced and marketed for domestic consumption. Amul Malai Paneer is only cheese product exported to the Middle East, Singapore and North America. Paneer is targeted at the large Non Resident Indian (NRI) population in these countries. 6. Trends in the Indian cheese market 7. 1. Production patterns The state cooperatives that market cheese like Amul, Mother Dairy and Verka have their own production plants and source milk from their cooperatives. Among international cheese companies, only Dabon Private Limited also produces cheese in the countr y, having its own plant in Noida, near Delhi.The only significant private player, Britannia, does not make its own cheese but has it produced by the Maharashtra based private dairy company Dynamix Dairy Private Limited (which has a technical collaboration with Schreiber Cheese, USA). Bel Fromageries, the global French company that sells Laughing Cow and Kiri varieties of cheese in India, imports cheese into the country through its agent, Rai and Sons, Delhi. 7. 2. Consumption patterns: Cheese consumption continues to be an urban phenomenon, with processed cheese and cheese spreads accounting for about 80% of the total cheese consumption. Also, cheese is mostly consumed by children and is yet to be part of the mainstream adult diet on a mass scale.The product mix and consumption pattern in India is unlikely to change drastically in the next few years. The largest demand will continue to be for processed cheese and cheese spreads. Children will continue to be the largest consumers of cheese. Of the predicted increase in demand, children will contribute to the largest proportion in tier 2 cities while it will be adults in the metros. To cater to this increase, it is also likely that cheese producers introduce new varieties of specialty cheese in the metros. 7. Observations 1. Increasing and Widespread Demand: Based on a multi-year study of dairy consumption patterns in China, Mckinsey predicts a growth in the demand for Cheese by 40% by 2011.With India having similar consumer trends- namely, growing incomes, westernization and urbanization – Indian demand is likely to mirror Chinese patterns. Two conspicuous outcomes are: i) There is likely to be a 25%-30% increase in demand in the metros and ii) There is likely to be a 5%-10% growth in demand in tier 2 cities as urbanization and modern consumption patterns extend to these cities. 2. Food technology improvements: In the next 3 years, regional players will be forced to adopt new technologies that enable the m to go national to survive. 3. Indianization of processed cheese: The next three years will see new Indian flavours of cheese being introduced in the processed cheese and cheese spread market.The Indian consumer has unique tastes with variations even across regions. Both Indian and International brands are likely to ‘Indianize' their cheese products with Indian flavours to attract a larger customer base. 4. Consolidation of Cheese Plants: The explosion of retailing in India will probably have a significant impact on the cheese industry. Large chains of supermarkets that have entered the country, like Tesco, would follow their global policies of tightening supplier margins that could put small cheese producers out of business. The supplier end will likely be dominated by huge national producers who can achieve sufficient economies of scale to be able to afford low margins.There will be a few such national cheese factories, supplying to various cheese marketers and retail chain s, who in turn brand cheese under their own labels. There is also a high probability that cheese importers like Kraft and Bel Fromageries begin domestic production to lower prices and increased availability of their products. 8. Summary The organised cheese industry in India is at best in its nascent stage, accounting for less than 1% of total dairy production and largely limited to urban consumption. The organized cheese industry in India as of 2006, is valued at Rs 250 crore (US$ 50 million), with a volume in excess of 8000 tonnes. The industry growth rate is estimated at about 10%-12% per year in terms of volume and 16%-17% per year in value terms.Current household cheese penetration is 5%, with about 50% of consumption being limited to cities. Mumbai and Delhi together capture half of the cheese market. Within cheese products, around 60% of the market is dominated by processed cheese, 30% by cheese spreads and the remaining 10% by flavoured and specialty cheese. Amul and Britann ia Milk Man are the lead brands. Overseas cheese producers are eyeing the Indian market for its huge promise. The explosion of retailing in India is expected to have its impact on the cheese industry also. This paper looks at the lead national and regional players as well as the consumption, production and marketing trends. 9. Key government contacts:Government Department| Responsibility| Contact Information| Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (DADF)| The Department is responsible for matters relating to livestock production, preservation, protection from disease and improvement of stocks and dairy development, and also for matters relating to the Delhi Milk Scheme and the National Dairy Development Board. | The Secretary,   Telephone:+91 11 23382608 Email: [email  protected] in| National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)| A government organization, NDDB is the apex body of State cooperatives. Also provides training and consulting servic es. | Head Office: P. B. No. 40 Anand – 388 001 Gujarat, INDIA Telephone: 91-2692-260148/260149/260159/260160 Fax: 91-2692-260159/260165 Email: [email  protected] coop|Ministry of Food Processing Industries| The main central agency of the Government responsible for developing a strong and vibrant food processing sector; with a view to create increased job opportunities in rural areas, enable farmers to reap benefit from modern technology, create surplus for exports and stimulate demand for processed food| The Joint Secretary,   Telephone: Ph. : 011-26492476 Fax: 011-26493228 Email: [email  protected] in| 10.References: www. themilkweed. com