Overview of Cnidarians

A cnidarian is an  invertebrate  in the Phylum Cnidaria. This phylum includes  corals, sea anemones, sea jellies (jellyfish), sea pens, and hydras. Pronunciation: Nid-air-ee-an Also Known As: Coelenterate, Coelenterata Characteristics of Cnidarians Cnidarians  exhibit radial symmetry, which means their body parts are arranged symmetrically around a central axis. So, if you drew a line from any point at the edge of a cnidarian through the center and to the other side, youd have two roughly equal halves. Cnidarians also have tentacles. These tentacles have  stinging structures called cnidocytes, which bear  nematocysts.  Cnidarians got their name from these stinging structures.  The word cnidarian comes from the Greek word  knide  (nettle).   The presence of nematocysts is a key feature of cnidarians. Cnidarians can use their tentacles for defense or for capturing prey.   Although they can sting, not all cnidarians pose a threat to humans. Some, like the box jellyfish, have very potent toxins in their tentacles, but others, like moon jellies, have toxins that dont have enough power to sting us. Cnidarians have two body layers called the epidermis and gastrodermis. Sandwiched in between is a jelly-like substance called  mesoglea. Examples of Cnidarians   As a large group comprised of thousands of species, cnidarians can be pretty diverse in their form. Overall, though, they have two main body plans: polypoid, in which the mouth faces up (e.g., anemones) and medusoid, in which the mouth faces down (e.g., jellyfish). Cnidarians may go through stages in their life cycle in which they experience each of these body plans. There are several major groups of cnidarians: Anthozoa:  sea anemones, sea pens, and corals. These animals have a  polypoid body plan and attach to a substrate, such as other animals, rocks or algae.Hydrozoa:  hydrozoans, also known as hydromedusae or hydroids. These organisms alternate between polyp and medusa stages and are usually colonial organisms. Siphonophores, which include Portuguese man-of-war and by-the-wind sailors, are examples of animals in the Class Hydrozoa. Most cnidarians are marine organisms, but there are some hydrozoan species that live in fresh water.Scyphozoa or Scyphomedusae:  true jellyfish  are in the Class Scyphozoa. These animals are known for their bell shape with dangling oral arms. Some jellyfish have tentacles also. The lions mane jellyfish is the largest species, with tentacles that may stretch more than 100 feet.Cubozoa:  box jellyfish. These animals have a cube-shaped bell, with tentacles dangling from each corner. The sea wasp, a type of box jellyfish, is said to be the most venomo us marine animal.Staurozoa: stalked jellyfish or Stauromedusae.  These strange-looking, trumpet-shaped animals arent free-swimming like regular jellyfish.  Instead, they attach to rocks or seaweed and are typically found in cold water.Myxozoa:  Ã‚  parasitic microorganisms that evolved from jellyfish  There has been debate over the years over where these animals should be classified - the latest research places them in the Cnidaria phylum, and an important piece of evidence is that these creatures have nematocysts.  Myxozoa species can affect fish, worms, amphibians, reptiles, and even mammals. One economic impact is that they can affect farmed fish such as salmon. Smallest and Largest Cnidarians The smallest cnidarian is a hydra with the scientific name  Psammohydra nanna. This animal is less than half a millimeter in size.   The largest non-colonial cnidarian is the lions mane jellyfish. As mentioned above, the tentacles are thought to stretch more than 100 feet. The bell of this jellyfish can be over 8 feet across. Of colonial cnidarians, the longest is the giant siphonophore, which can grow to over 130 feet. Sources de Lazaro, E. 2015. Myxozoans: Widespread Parasites Are Actually Micro Jellyfish. Sci-News.com. Accessed February 27, 2016.Ocean Portal. Jellyfish and Comb Jellies. Accessed February 27, 2016.  Sadava, D.E., Hillis, D.M., Heller, H.C. and M. Berenbaum. 2009. Life: The Science of Biology, Volume 2. Macmillan.University of California Museum of Paleontology. Introduction to the Hydrozoa. Accessed February 27, 2016.WoRMS. 2015. Myxozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. February 27, 2016.

Human Infectuous Disease - 1262 Words

Human infectious diseases are diseases caused by pathogens, disease causing microorganisms. These diseases can range from mild to fatal and have different modes of transmission and modes of action. It is the potential negative implications of such diseases that has made many of them among the main targets for the World Health Organization. Since the human body does not have B-cells that produce antibodies specific to all types of antigenic pathogens, the body cant fight all types of infectious diseases. Hence, vaccinations and forms of treatment that may employ inducing artificial immunity are sometimes needed, immediately. Infectious human diseases can be transmitted in many ways depending on the type of the disease, these include skin contact, breathing, water, blood transfusion, sexual intercourse, transmittance through other organisms, most commonly a mosquito, and many other modes of transmission. These diseases may also range n symptoms and Signs and may even develop latently in the body. In this research paper an infectious disease will be explored in depth from its cause, to symptoms to virulence, to forms of treatment and prevention. The Disease Among the most widely known and feared human infectious diseases comes Cholera. Cholera is an infectious disease that has had 7 recorded pandemic outbreaks over the past 2 centuries, taking away millions of lives from across the globe. It is an acute ( critical) intestinal infection that causes copious watery diarrheaShow MoreRelatedGlaxosmithkline18561 Words   |  75 Pagescompany profile Francis Weyzig Amsterdam, October 2004 Summary Business description GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical corporations that discovers, develops, manufactures and markets branded human health products. Headquarters: UK, with additional operational headquarters in the USA Global presence: about 160 countries Primary markets: USA, France, Germany, UK, Italy and Japan Employees: approximately 103,000 GSK key figures for 2003 (in  £ million)

Principals of Logistics Management MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Principals of Logistics Management for Coca-Cola Company. Answer: Introduction Organizations apply different business improvement methods to improve their performance. Logistics is one of this methods and is regarded as one of the crucial factor adopted by companies to gain competitive advantage. Logistics management refers to integrating all the core functions in an organization such as warehousing, transportation, material handling, stock management, order fulfilment and supply and demand planning. The aim of logistic management is to improve efficiency and effective business operations. This paper focuses on understanding the logistic management as adopted by the Coca-Cola Company. The specific issues being considered are; a) interface of key factors; b) Order cycle; and c) Inventory management. Coca-Cola Company Profile The Coca-Cola is a multinational beverage corporation with its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States of America. Coca-Cola is a manufacturer, marketer, and retailer of syrups and non-alcoholic beverages. Coca-Cola is famous because of its popular Coca-Cola brand which was invented by John Stith in 1886. In 1889, Stith sold the Coca-Cola brand and formula to Asa Candler who established the Coca-Cola Company in 1892. The Corporation operates using a franchise distribution system where it produces the syrup concentration and sells it to its bottlers distributed in the world. Currently, Coca-Cola owns over 500 brands in more than 200 countries (Coca-Cola Company, 2016). The Company has employed over 150,000 direct employees globally. Likewise, Coca-Cola makes 1.7 serving in a single day globally. The Company contributes 1% of its total income to charities and contributions annually. It is also a key sponsor of FIFA, Olympic, and EURO. Ion 1984, the Company launched the Coca-Cola Foundation to improve the livelihood in the society. Among the biggest beneficiaries of Coca-Colas charity, Contributions and financial foundation are African and Asian countries as well as the United Nations. When it comes to competitive strategy, Coca-Cola has adopted an aggressive marketing approach to acquiring competitive advantage from competitors like PepsiCo (Hays, 2015, p. 15). The Interface The Logistic Concept is used to link all the key functions in an organization. The concept of logistics management is a subset of the supply chain management. The concepts focus on planning, implementing, and controlling the flow of products from the suppliers to the end consumers. Logistic is referred as a crucial success factor for an organization (Bowman, 2015, p. 23). It encompasses both the efficiency and effectiveness of the operations. As discussed in the case of Coca-Cola, logistic management has a direct impact on a companys bottom line. The Coca-Cola Company uses the logistics concept to link together its core operational functions like production, marketing, and accounting and finance with the aim of achieving its overall objectives. Interfacing the functions is only achievable through good communication and cooperation between the involved departments (Williams, 2008, pp. 212-8). Production, Marketing, Finance Accounting Functions and Logistics Currently, the Coca-Cola Company has 742 production facilities and is applying logistics process to streamline the number further. The company is guided by the principle of integrating the demand and supply functions. The Company uses Demand, Operations Inventory Planning (DOIP) concept to manage its production. The amount of the application is achieved by interacting with the sales and marketing departments. By engaging the sales and marketing personnel, the production department understands the current trend for demand making it easier to approximate the amount to production (Walter, et al., 2009, p. 93). The Operational element of the DOIP concept deals with the financial implication that affects the attempt to optimize the production at Coca-Cola. After establishing the real demand for its products in the market, the production department should then liaise with the Finance and Accounting department to establish whether or not the proposed production level is financeable (Bowersox, et al., 2012, p. 101). In the past years, conflicts arose between the departments, where the Finance and Accounting department rejected the push by the production department to increase the number of production as a way of taking advantage of market demand. However, the former rejected the proposal because it was viewed as a short-term opportunity and was not deemed as feasible for the companys long-term objectives (Bowman, 2015, p. 23). Lastly, the Inventory planning focuses on how maintaining the right level of stock directly affected the operations altogether. To synchronize the roles of the three departments, Coca-Cola developed a Sales and Operations Planning (SOP) Logistics Concept which that there is an effective way of sharing information and decisions. The Company indicated that the Concept had proved an 85% success rate (Bowman, 2015, p. 31). The logistic concept has enabled the Company to focus on up and downstream management. For example, the suppliers depend on the production schedule provided by the Company before making their orders. Likewise, the transportation department also relies on the Sales and Marketing department in planning its schedule. To ensure an effective demand planning and forecasting, the Company combines its performance in the marketplace and the perfect order notion (Frazelle, 2001, p. 123). In short, The Coca-Cola Company used a simplified and streamlined Logistic management method to enhance its production, sales and marketing, transportation and the amount spent by the Finance Accounting departments. However, the Company has created a committee made up of representatives from all the three departments to plan and replan its logistic operations considering that the market is dynamic and practices change every day. Order Cycle and Management Any organization must effectively manage its ordering process to satisfy its customers. Order management is defined as the management of all the activities in the order cycle. Likewise, order cycle refers to the process that takes place from the time a customer places an order to the time he/ she receives the products ordered. The four processes involved in order cycle/ management are; order transmittal, order processing, order picking and assembling, and order delivery. The Coca-Cola Company adheres to all the ordering processes (Williams, 2008, p. 229). Order Transmittal is defined as the time it takes a company to receive a formal order from a customer. The Common methods used to transmit an order are physical visiting the site, through the e-mail, through the telephone, using fax and lastly using the online platforms (Hays, 2015, p. 16). Orders are transmitted and processed at the Coca-Colas bottler Companies. The formal methods that can be used by customers to transmit their order to the Coca-Cola Company are making a telephone call, through Fax or sending an email to the Companys sales department. The information on the official telephone number, email address and fax line to be used are provided on the companys official page. Order processing refers to the recipient of the order transmitted by the customer and the authorisation of the order by the relevant department at the organization (Hays, 2015, p. 17). At the Coca-Cola Company, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) technique is used in processing orders. When the sales department receives the order, it is checked for accuracy and completeness. Second, the department then checks the status of the customers credit (in the case of an existing customer). Third, the order is entered into the computer system before assigning a sales personnel to execute the order if accepted. Fourth, the accounting department then records the order transaction in its system. The order is then taken to the inventory department where the nearest warehouse to the customer is identified. Order picking and assembly refers to the activities carried by the warehouse or store to prepare the order for shipment (Rushton Croucher, 2010, p. 71). The Coca-Cola Company order is loaded on the companys outbound carriers ready for the shipment. Order are packed in the carrier by the customers location. The Pick-to-light technology is used to effectively arrange the order in the racks or shelves to minimize the time wasted in picking and lighting orders and eliminating errors. Order delivery refers to the formal delivery of the order to the customer or an agreed location (Rushton Croucher, 2010, p. 82). The Coca-Cola company gives its customers the power to determine where the point of delivery. Customers are also allowed to pick their delivery at the nearest warehouse. The success of the whole process is measured regarding customers satisfaction with the order. However, it can be noted that there is a long procedure that is involved in order cycle. A lot of time is wasted in the process. I would recommend the integration of the order management under one department to shorten the time. Second, all the processes involved should be automated such that when the sales department has filled an order, it can reflect directly in the Companys database. This would save other departments from entering the information fresh. The order should go directly to the nearby warehouse after being processed by the sales department. Diagram 1: Order Cycle and Management for Coca-Cola Diagram 2: Order Cycle and Management for Coca-Cola Inventory Management Analysis Inventory refers to the raw materials (used in production), finished goods (ready to be delivered to the customer upon placing an order) and the packaging materials. The main inventories at the Coca-Cola Company are the syrups, finished coke products and brands, Packaging bottles and crates. Inventory management is important because it helps in efficient and effective business operations. Failure to manage the inventory can lead to business failure. Poor management of stock would lead to incurring of extra cost regarding spoilage, dead stock, and hiring of storage space. Likewise, understocking can lead to losing of key customers and market share (Frazelle, 2001, p. 131). Coca-Cola uses the Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) principle to manage its inventory. The CPFR is an entrepreneurial approach that used to improve the efficiency of the supply chain management and meeting customer demands. The approach is used by the company to integrate between its inventory level and supply chain. Through the stock and sales system, the company generates up-to-date information about its inventory (Bowman, 2015, p. 66). The Coca-Cola Company can easily know the amount of inventory in, the current inventory in its warehouses and the amount of inventory leaving its premises. Likewise, the system is computerized to show the track of stock usage by the production department, the change of prices in the market and indicate when reordering is necessary. The Coca-Colas inventory management system is based on the production schedule, and customer and market demand. The inventory management is done at the production site. And the amount of stock bought or transported to a given geographical area is determined by the real amount of sales, customer demands and market trend (Christopher, 2011, p. 33). In short inventory management is done through a collaborative approach from all the involved departments. Using the CPFR method, the Coca-Cola Company knows when to place a new order for inventory, when to cancel an order placed early and when to send more inventory to its respective production centers. Using real-time information on Customer demand and projected production, the company can easily know the amount of inventory to order from the suppliers. Coca-Cola has put an effective inventory management system in place that ensures efficient operations. The computerized Sales and Stock forecast tracking system have ensured that Coca-Cola does not suffer from production crisis. The system allows the company to respond swiftly to its customer demands. It enables the company in optimizing, executing and managing its strategic, tactical and operational business processes (Hays, 2015). Conclusion The Coca-Cola Company has put effective logistic and inventory management processes in place. The company has taken advantage of the technological advancement to improve its operations and increase customers satisfaction. Logistics and inventory management are two crucial factors that directly impact a companys success in the market. This can be seen in the competitive advantage enjoyed by Coca-Cola in the non-beverage product industry globally. The Coca-Cola Company applies the logistics concept to link together its core operational functions like production, marketing, and accounting and finance with the aim of achieving its overall objectives. It has adopted simplified and streamlined Logistic management approach which enhances its production, sales and marketing, and transportation or inventories to the delivery points. Likewise, the Company has a structured method of managing orders received from its customers. For example, orders are transmitted through the use of email, fax, and phone calls while they are processed using the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Last, the number of inventory held by the company is determined by customer/ market demand and previous sales trends. Coca-Colas success in the industry is reflected in its effective management of its operations. References List Bowersox, D., Closs, D. M. Cooper, B., 2012. Supply Chain Logistics Management. New York: McGraw-Hill . Bowman, R. J., 2015. Demand Planning at Coca-Cola: What's the Secret Formula?, s.l.: Supply Chain Brain. Christopher, M., 2010. Logistics Supply Chain Management: creating value-adding networks. New Jersey: Prentice Hall . Christopher, P. M., 2011. Logistics and Supply Chain Management. New Jersey: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Coca-Cola Company, 2016. Coca-Cola Company Website. s.l.:s.n. Frazelle, E. H., 2001. World-Class Warehousing and Material Handling (Logistics Management Library). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Hays, C. L., 2015. The Real Thing: Truth and Power at the Coca-Cola Company. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. Mangan, J. Lalwani , C., 2011. Global Logistics and Supply. New York: John Wiley Sons. Richards, G. Grinsted, S., 2013. The Logistics and Supply Chain Toolkit: Over 90 Tools for Transport, Warehousing and Inventory Management. London, UK: Kogan Page. Rushton, A. Croucher, P., 2010. The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management. London, United Kingdom: Kogan Page. Walter, M., Johnson, E. Davis, T., 2009. Vendor Managed Inventory in the Retail Supply Chain. Journal of Business Logistics. Williams, B. D., 2008. A review of inventory management research in major logistics journals: Themes and future directions. The International Journal of Logistics Management, pp. Vol. 19 Iss: 2, pp.212 - 232.

Why People Want to Have Pets free essay sample

A pet such as a dog, a cat, and a bird will put all its personality and attention to you. For example, when you just got home from a long day of work feeling exhausted and stressed, there is that tail wager so very happy to see you or when you sit down on the couch and turn on the TV, there is that little fluffy thing jumps onto your lap meowing at you. Your pet will bring laughter and playfulness; therefore, you will have a focus, a purpose, and something to care for. Pets can give you good company and they also give you love. If you are lonely you can go to your pet and talk to it. Sometimes, pets are more understanding than people because if you talk to your pet it will just sit there and listen to you. We will write a custom essay sample on Why People Want to Have Pets? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, if you talk to a person that person might not even listen to you. Pets are also very, very lovable and cuddly. If you’re sad you could go and cuddle with your pet. Finally, exercise helps us maintain a healthy and longer life. Pets such as dogs will definitely increase your chances for exercise and outdoor activities. Most people walk their pets on a daily basis. Thus, both the dog and you get the fresh air as well as exercise to build physical fitness. Walking with your dog everyday not only can help you release stress, but it also boosts your opportunities to meet and to socialize with other dog owners. In addition, it helps you have more controlled breathing, and maintain a healthy body. In conclusion, pets are not just animals, but they are also our family, friends, and companions. They are not picky about their owners by their status and appearance. If you have a pet, you will not feel lonely when you live alone or your family is away from home; you will have a routine which helps you have a purpose of life; you will be able to exercise with your pet which keeps you healthy.

Sms Based Student Information System Essay Example

Sms Based Student Information System Essay Example Sms Based Student Information System Essay Sms Based Student Information System Essay The core objective of â€Å"SMS BASED STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM â€Å" is to develop an application to maintain student profile which provides a interface for the staff to communicate with parent regarding student attendance, unit test marks and also about extra-curricular and co-curricular activities which are organized by the college, in the form of regular updates via SMS. This project has only one user called Class Advisor. He has all rights to enter and edit the name, register number of the students and so on. By using this project we can reduce the manual work of the Class Advisor. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 1. 1 ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION: K. S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science, Tiruchengode, was started in the year 1995 by the K. S. R Educational and Charitable Trust. Lion. Dr. K. S. Rangasamy MJF, is the President of the Trust and the founding father of KSRCAS. Affiliation was granted to the college in 1995 by the University of Madras. Now the college is affiliated to the Periyar University, Salem. The College has been recognized by the UGC u/s 2(f). The College has been awarded the prestigious ISO 9001-2000(E) certification by RMTUV. The University Grants Commission, New Delhi has conferred Autonomous status from the Academic year 2009-2010. The project â€Å"SMS BASED STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM† is a tool which is specially constructed for Department of Computer Science to maintain the full-fledged student profile and to communicate with parents through the communication source called â€Å"SMS†. 1. 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The core objective of â€Å"SMS BASED STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM â€Å" is to develop an application to maintain student profile which provides a interface for the staff to communicate with parent regarding student attendance, unit test marks and also about extra-curricular and co-curricular activities which are organized by the college, in the form of regular updates via SMS. This project is used individual Class Advisors. He has all rights to enter and edit the name, register number of the students and so on. By using this project we can reduce the manual work of the Class Advisor. The project â€Å"SMS BASED STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM â€Å"is designed for class advisor to maintain the student profile with the attendance and marks which can be intimated regularly to the parents through SMS. To build this project we have utilized the Microsoft Visual Studio. Net 2005 as front end, which works in . Net framework version 3. 5. The coding language used is Visual Basic . Net. The back end used is Microsoft Access 2007. * STUDENT PROFILE * ATTENDENCE MAINTENANCE * MARK MAINTENANCE * EMERGENCY SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2. 1 EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system presently follows a tedious job maintaining the information. These are some of the exiting system’s scenarios * Existing system followed paper work for individual module. * Existing system uses manual composition of details. * Student profile is maintained as a separate source of information * Existing system performed transaction through Postal letters and through voice call. * Act of transaction found to be delivered without confirmation. By this existing system follow up leads to a great loss of human work and remains a time consuming one. . 1. 1 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system has following disadvantages, * Followed Paper work * Interaction cost was not efficient * No ensured report is present regarding successful transaction * Lacuna in automation * Required huge resource for maintenance * Consumption of time in high rate and report generation was slow The existing system lacks in the accurate report generation quality where it needs a enhancement of using the application over the virtue of trimming the communication gap between the parents and the staff. The existing system undergoes a huge usage of human work and the time consumption factor also remains a head-ache. To overcome this situation we a have proposed a system which will bring a beneficial environment comparing to the existing system. 2. 2 PROPOSED SYSTEM: The system we have proposed has a communication link over sending the information to the parents through SMS and also maintaining the student profile, mark management system and also the attendance of the students with the felicity of sending the message subsequently. The proposed system reduces the paper work and customizes the four different modules under a single roof of application. * Application automates the attendance maintenance and unit test marks maintenance and circular reports to parent. * Proposed system improves efficiency and presents effective reports. * Ensured transaction using SMS (Short Message Service). 2. 2. 1 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM The proposed system has following advantages, * Mark and Att endance records can be consolidated quickly. * Detailed reports can be taken immediately with less input. Absentee reports for each exam can be taken in time. * Helps to prepare continuous assessment report easily. * Parents are informed with attendance and mark details through SMS. * Provisions provided for updating the student profile such as mobile ph. , address†¦ Proposed system follows the work of bringing all the classified information of the student under a single roof of the application. we have included the attendance and the mark analysis as a part of project were enable class advisor to generate automatic subject codes and the subject name as they require in the mark entry part. The mark analysis to intimate the parents about regular exams those are conducted in regular intervals. The proposed system equips all the possibilities that a class advisor expects to a cardinal relationship with parents. 2. 3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS 2. 3. 1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: Processor: Pentium IV 1. 7 GHz Hard Disk Capacity: 80 GB RAM: 1 GB SD Monitor: 15’’ Color Keyboard: 102 keys Mouse: 3 buttons 2. 3. 2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION Front-End : Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. Back-End: MS ACCESS 2007. Operating System: Windows XP SP2 Mobile phone : any mobile having the USB connectivity option 2. 3. 3 ABOUT SOFTWARE 2. 3. 1 THE . NET FRAMEWORK The . NET Framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application development in the highly distributed environment of the Internet. 2. 3. 2 Objectives of . NET FRAMEWORK 1. To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object codes is stored and executed locally on Internet-distributed, or executed remotely. 2. To provide a code-execution environment to minimizes software deployment and guarantees safe execution of code. . Eliminates the performance problems. There are different types of application, such as Windows-based applications and Web-based applications. To make communication on distributed environment to ensure that code be accessed by the . NET Framework can integrate with any other code. 2. 3. 3 COMPONENTS OF . NET FRAMEWORK THE COMMON LANGUAGE RUNTIME (CLR) The common language runtime is the foundation of the . NET Framework. It manages code at execution time, providing important services such as memory management, thread management, remoting and also ensures more security and robustness. The concept of code management is a fundamental principle of the runtime. Code that targets the runtime is known as managed code, while code that does not target the runtime is known as unmanaged code. THE . NET FRAME WORK CLASS LIBRARY It is a comprehensive, object-oriented collection of reusable types used to develop applications ranging from traditional command-line or Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest innovations provided by ASP. NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services. The . NET Framework can be hosted by unmanaged components that load the common language runtime into their processes and initiate the execution of managed code, thereby creating a software environment that can exploit both managed and unmanaged features. The . NET Framework not only provides several runtime hosts, but also supports the development of third-party runtime hosts. VISUAL STUDIO  . NET Visual Studio  . NET is a complete set of development tools for building ASP Web applications, XML Web services, desktop applications, and mobile applications. In addition to building high-performing desktop applications, you can use Visual Studios Powerful component-based development tools and other technologies to simplify team-based design, development, and deployment of Enterprise solutions. VISUAL BASIC . NET Visual Basic. NET is also compliant with CLS (Common Language Specification) and supports structured exception handling. CLS is set of rules and constructs that are supported by the CLR (Common Language Runtime). CLR is the runtime environment provided by the . NET Framework; it manages the execution of the code and also makes the development process easier by providing services. IMPLEMENTATION INHERITANCE Visual Basic. NET supports implementation inheritance. This means that, while creating applications in Visual Basic. NET, we can drive from another class, which is known as the base class that derived class inherits all the methods and properties of the base class. In the derived class, we can either use the existing code of the base class or override the existing code. Therefore, with help of the implementation inheritance, code can be reused. CONSTRUCTORS AND DESTRUCTORS Constructors are used to initialize objects, whereas destructors are used to destroy them. In other words, destructors are used to release the resources allocated to the object. In Visual Basic. NET the sub finalize procedure is available. GARBAGE COLLECTION Garbage Collection is another new feature in Visual Basic. NET. The . NET Framework monitors allocated resources, such as objects and variables. In addition, the . NET Framework automatically releases memory for reuse by destroying objects that are no longer in use. OVERLOADING Overloading is another feature in Visual Basic. NET. Overloading enables us to define multiple procedures with the same name, where each procedure has a different set of arguments. Besides using overloading for procedures, we can use it for constructors and properties in a class. STRUCTURED EXCEPTION HANDLING Visual Basic. NET supports structured handling, which enables us to detect and remove errors at runtime. In Visual Basic. NET, we need to use Try†¦Catch†¦Finally statements to create exception handlers. Using Try†¦Catch†¦Finally statements, we can create robust and effective exception handlers to improve the performance of our application. Features of Ms – access 2007 Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports, and connect them together with  macros. Advanced users can use  VBA  to write rich solutions with advanced  data manipulation  and user control. Access also has report creation features that can work with any data source that Access can access. The original concept of Access was for end users to be able to access data from any source. Other features include: the import and export of data to many formats including  Excel,  Outlook, ASCII,  dBase,  Paradox,  FoxPro,  SQL Server,  Oracle,  ODBC, etc. It also has the ability to link to data in its existing location and use it for viewing, querying, editing, and reporting. This allows the existing data to change while ensuring that Access uses the latest data. It can perform  heterogeneous  joins  between data sets stored across different platforms. Access is often used by people downloading data from  enterprise level databases  for manipulation, analysis, and reporting locally. There is also the  Jet  Database format (MDB or ACCDB in Access 2007) which can contain the application and data in one file. This makes it very convenient to distribute the entire application to another user, who can run it in disconnected environments. One of the benefits of Access from a programmers perspective is its relative compatibility with  SQL  (structured  query language) - queries can be viewed  graphically  or edited as SQL statements, and SQL statements can be used directly in Macros and VBA  Modules  to manipulate Access tables. Users can mix and use both VBA and Macros for programming forms and logic and offers object  possibilities. VBA can also be included in queries. Microsoft Access offers  parameterized queries. These queries and Access tables can be referenced from other programs like  VB6  and  . NET  through  DAO  or  ADO. From Microsoft Access, VBA can reference parameterized stored procedures via ADO. The  desktop  editions of  Microsoft SQL Server  can be used with Access as an alternative to the  Jet Database Engine. This support started with  MSDE  (Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine), a scaled down version of Microsoft SQL Server 2000, and continues with the  SQL Server Express  versions of SQL Server 2005 and 2008. Microsoft Access is a  file server-based database. Unlike  client–server  relational database management systems  (RDBMS), Microsoft Access does not implement  database triggers,  stored procedures, or  transaction logging. SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPEMENT 3. 1 . SYSTEM DESIGN System design is carried out with a eye towards facility and feasibility of system towards class advisor requirements. Here in the system the aspect of improving the physical view of system is also focused. As we have chosen the . net as platform we are able to provide a system which is platform independent and a efficient supportive system. In this project we focused on the automation for a possible extreme were it will increasing the efficiency of the system. In this project we have taken over crystal report concept for the mark analysis phase of the project. System has covered a brief part of the project considering the project domain. The backend part incarnates the ms-access which allows to builds a easily accessible software in the part of backend access. The feasibility aspect allows build up a software partially fulfilling all the requirements of the class advisor. The system is designed considering the class advisor view and requirement those are specified in the requirement phase. The complete integrated system focusing on the overall build of the system with a result of efficient build and ensured stream of the activity. The system dealing the system analytical behavior and functional aspects referring the quality factor is also considered. Thus the urge of building the system to improve the efficiency of the software is justified to extent. 3. 1 SYSTEM FLOW DIAGRAM 4. 2 SYSTEM FLOW DIAGRAM Total Hours Attendance Unit test I Unit Test II Model Department Class Name Reg. Number Date Reg. Number Mobile Number Address Class Department Student Name Emergency Mark maintenance Student Profile Attendance maintenance SMS BASED STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM SMS SMS SMS 2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM 3. MODULE DESCRIPTION: The project â€Å"SMS BASED STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM â€Å"is designed for class advisor to maintain the student profile with the attendance and marks which can be intimated regularly to the parents through SMS. To build this project we have utilized the Microsoft Visual Studio. Net 2005 as front end, which works in . Net framework version 3. 5. The coding language used is Visual Basic . Net. The back end used is Microsoft Access 2007. The following are the main modules in the project. * STUDENT PROFILE * ATTENDENCE MAINTENANCE * MARK MAINTENANCE EMERGENCY STUDENT PROFILE: Student profile is our master page were fetch the basic information of a student like batch no, regno, department, mobile number, name, address . This student profile module remains a source of access in various forms where it can be used to easy retrieval of information. The information those are fetched in the student profile are saved accordingly in the Student master table. EMERGENCY: The emergency module holds the task of sending the urgent MS to the parent which can be circular, activities, fee pending information, etc,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Here we generate the student mobile number with respect to the student regno from the master page table. This allows gathering the basic information of the student. In the emergency module we have placed the important field MESSAGE. These two fields have to be filled up and the message field should have the characters less than 160. By following send button the message is sent. ATTENDANCE: We follow the system of maintaining the attendance of student for every hour as the log of attendance can be maintained. Here the hour by hour attendance of the student is sent to the parents through SMS. MARK ANALYSIS The mark analysis module performs the task of maintaining the marks of the student in the accordingly in the database which can be used for future reference and also the marks can be sent to the parents through SMS. We are primarily focusing on the three phases of examination, they are * Unit Test I Entry * Unit Test II Entry * Model Examination Mark Entry Here the Unit test I, Unit test II, model examinations are conducted for every month. As if the results of this examination are not properly sent to the parents. The project SMS BASED STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM allows these results send as SMS to the parents. This module is subjected to generate the subjects which will be varying for every semester. To that note we have designed a form â€Å"subject entry†. In this form class advisor has to update the subject name and subject code according to the respective semesters. By this the automatic generation of the subjects is possible when appropriate semester is selected. Thus the mark maintaining task is carried out successfully. MESSAGE SENDING: Message sending scenario follows the following term, they are as follows; AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of ATtention. Every command line starts with AT or at. Thats why modem commands are called AT commands. There are two types of AT commands: 1. Basic commands are AT commands that do not start with a +. For example, D (Dial), A (Answer), H (Hook control), and O (Return to online data state) are the basic commands. 2. Extended commands are AT commands that start with a +. All GSM AT commands are extended commands. For example, +CMGS (Send SMS message), +CMGL (List SMS messages), and +CMGR (Read SMS messages) are extended commands. Operating Modes The SMS specification has defined two modes in which a GSM/GPRS modem or mobile phone can operate. They are called SMS text mode and SMS PDU mode. (PDU stands for Protocol Data Unit. ) The mode that a GSM/GPRS modem or mobile phone is operating in determines the syntax of some SMS AT commands and the format of the responses returned after execution. 3. 4. INPUT DESIGN: STUDENT PROFILE The student profile input design is subjected to enter the details like department, section, regno, student name, batch, and address, mobile_number. These are the fields are considered as needed to be filled. ATTENDANCE: The attendance of the student is updated. It requires filling up with basic details which will be retrieved from the student profile table. In this form we are just required to check the check boxes to add the attendance of the student. The updated attendance can be sent as SMS to the parent at the same time. In the attendance module we have added a term to allow the class advisor to check the overall student attendance. MARK ANALYSIS: Mark management system allows maintaining the entry of the student marks for very unit and model examination. After entering the mark those can be sent as message to the parents. In the mark entry part we have added the automatic subject generating form which can be fetched in the mark management form. EMERGENCY: Emergency module incorporates the urgent message service were the urgent messages can be sent to parents. Here the regno and mobile_number are loaded when appropriate particulars are filled up properly. 3. 5. OUTPUT DESIGN: STUDENT PROFILE ATTENDANCE: OVERALL ATTENDANCE: MARK ANALYSIS: SUBJECT ENTRY: EMERGENCY: 3. 6. DATABASE DESIGN: The purpose of database design is to identify the major modules in the software and describe its components and interfaces for each major module for the users to understand. Database design is a crucial factor in the performance of a package, both in terms of system timings and in the case with which the system can be maintained or modified. The database has been designed based upon the entity relationship data model. 1. Login Table Table name: login FIELD NAME| TYPE| SIZE| DESCRIPTION| Name| Text| 8| USER NAME| Password| Text| 8| PASSWORD OF USER| 2. Mark Table Table name: marks Primary key: regno FIELD NAME| TYPE| SIZE| DESCRIPTION| Regno| Text| 10| STUDENT REGISTER NUMBER| Semester| Number| 10| PRESENT SEMESTER | Examtype| Text| 16| EXAM TYPE LIKE UNIT I,II AND MODEL EXAM| Mark1| Number| 3| MARKS IN SUBJECT 1| Mark2| Number| 3| MARKS IN SUBJECT 2| Mark3| Number| 3| MARKS IN SUBJECT 3| Mark4| Number| 3| MARKS IN SUBJECT 4| Mark5| Number| 3| MARKS IN SUBJECT 5| Mark6| Number| 3| MARKS IN SUBJECT 6| Mark7| Number| 3| MARKS IN SUBJECT 7| Mark8| Number| 3| MARKS IN SUBJECT 8| 3. Student Profile Table Table name: Studentmaster Foreign key: batch Primary key: Regno FIELD NAME| TYPE| SIZE| DESCRIPTION| Regno| Text| 10| STUDENT REGISTER NUMBER| Sname| Text| 30| NAME OF THE STUDENT| Batch| Number| 10| BATCH YEAR OF THE STUDENT| Dept| Text| 20| DEPARTMENT IN WHICH THE STUDENT | Sec| Text| 10| CLASS SECTION LIKE A,B,C,D,†¦. | Mobile| Text| 15| MOBILE NUMBER OF PARENT| Address| Text| 30| ADDRESS FOR COMMUNICATION| 4. Urgent Table Table name: urgent Primary key: regno FIELD NAME| TYPE| SIZE| STUDENT REGISTER NUMBER| Regno| Text| 10| STUDENT REGISTER NUMBER| Message| Text| 160| MESSAGE CONTENT| 5. Attendance Table Table name: Department Details Foreign key: Department code FIELD NAME| TYPE| SIZE| DESCRIPTION| DATE| Date/Time| 10| CURRENT DATE| Regno| TEXT| 30| STUDENT REGISTER NUMBER| hour1| Yes/No| | PRESENT-YES amp; ABSENT-NO| Hour2| Yes/No| | PRESENT-YES amp; ABSENT-NO| Hour3| Yes/No| | PRESENT-YES amp; ABSENT-NO| Hour4| Yes/No| | PRESENT-YES amp; ABSENT-NO| Hour5| Yes/No| | PRESENT-YES amp; ABSENT-NO| Hour| Yes/No| | PRESENT-YES amp; ABSENT-NO| 3. 7 REPORT DESIGN: Here we are going to take report for two modules they are: I) ATTENDANCE II) MARK ANALYSIS: ATTENDANCE: For the attendance form we are going to get report in the form data grid. MARK ANALYSIS: The mark statement is taken in the form of crystal report. 3. CODE DESIGN: STUDENT PROFILE: Imports System. Data Imports System. Data. OleDb Public Class frmStudentEntry Dim con As New OleDbConnection(Provider=Microsoft. Jet. OLEDB. 4. 0;Data Source=. ksr. mdb) Dim cmd As New OleDbCommand(, con) Dim cmdStudent As New OleDbCommand(, con) Dim daStudent As New OleDbDataAdapter Dim ds As New DataSet Dim dr As OleDbDataReader Private Sub fr mStudentEntry_Load(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Handles MyBase. Load End Sub Function CheckInputs() As Boolean Return True End Function Private Sub btnInsert_Click(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Handles btnInsert. Click If txtRegNo. TextLength = 0 Or txtName. TextLength = 0 Or txtAddress. TextLength = 0 Or txtMobile. TextLength = 0 Or Cmbbatch. SelectedItem = 0 Then MsgBox(enter all the fields) End If If CheckInputs() = True Then cmd. Connection = con cmd. CommandText = insert into studentMaster values(@regNo,@sName,@batch,@dept,@sec,@mobile,@address) cmd. Parameters. Clear() cmd. Parameters. AddWithValue(@regno, txtRegNo. Text) cmd. Parameters. AddWithValue(@sName, txtName. Text) cmd. Parameters. AddWithValue(@batch, Val(Cmbbatch. SelectedItem)) cmd. Parameters. AddWithValue(@dept, cmbDept. SelectedItem) cmd. Parameters. AddWithValue(@sec, cmbSection. SelectedItem) cmd. Parameters. AddWithValue(@mobile, txtMobile. Text) cmd. Parameters. AddWithValue(@address, txtAddress. Text) con. Open() cmd. ExecuteNonQuery() con. Close() End If Try cmdStudent. CommandText = select * from studentMaster where batch= amp; Val(Cmbbatch. Text) amp; and [emailprotected] and [sec][emailprotected] cmdStudent. Parameters. Clear() cmdStudent. Parameters. AddWithValue(@dept, cmbDept. SelectedItem) cmdStudent. Parameters. AddWithValue(@sec, cmbSection. SelectedItem) daStudent = New OleDbDataAdapter(cmdStudent) ds. Tables. Clear() daStudent. Fill(ds, stud) DataGridView1. DataSource = ds. Tables(stud) DataGridView1. Refresh() Catch ex As Exception MsgBox(ex. Message) End Try End Sub ATTENDANCE: Imports System. Data Imports System. Data. OleDb Imports System Imports System. Threading Imports System. ComponentModel Imports System. IO. Ports Public Class Form7 Dim cn As New OleDbConnection(Provider=Microsoft. Jet. OLEDB. 4. 0;Data Source=. ksr. mdb) Dim cmdRegNo As New OleDbCommand(, cn) Dim cmd As OleDbCommand Dim cmdSelect As New OleDbCommand(, cn) Dim daSelect As New OleDbDataAdapter Dim dr As OleDbDataReader Dim ad As OleDbDataAdapter Dim daRegNo As OleDbDataAdapter Dim cmdBatch As New OleDbCommand(select distinct(batch) from studentmaster, cn) Dim daBatch As New OleDbDataAdapter(cmdBatch) Dim ds As New Data. DataSet connect your mobile/GSM modem to PC, then go in device manager and check under ports which COM port has been slected if say com1 is there then put com2 in following statement Dim SMSEngine As New SMSCOMMS(COM17) Dim i As Integer Private Sub DateTimePicker1_ValueChanged(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Handles DateTimePicker1. ValueChanged TextBox3. Text = DateTimePicker1. Value. Day TextBox4. Text = DateTimePicker1. Value. Month TextBox5. Text = DateTimePicker1. Value. Year End Sub Private Sub GroupBox1_Enter(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Handles GroupBox1. Enter TextBox3. Text = DateTimePicker1. Value. Day TextBox4. Text = DateTimePicker1. Value. Month TextBox5. Text = DateTimePicker1. Value. Year End Sub Private Sub Button4_Click(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Me. Close() End Sub Sub gv() Try cmd = New OleDbCommand(select * from attendence, cn) ad = New OleDbDataAdapter(cmd) ad. Fill(ds, attendence) DataGridView1. DataSource = ds. Tables(attendence). DefaultView Catch ex As Exception MsgBox(ex. Message, MsgBoxStyle. Critical, Error) End Try End Sub Private Sub DailyentryToolStripMenuItem_Click(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Me. Show() End Sub MARK ANALYSIS: Imports System. Data Imports System. Data. OleDb Imports System Imports System. Threading Imports System. ComponentModel Imports System. IO. Ports Public Class entrymarks Dim con As New OleDbConnection(Provider=Microsoft. Jet. OLEDB. 4. 0;Data Source=. ksr. mdb) Dim cmd As New OleDbCommand(select regno,sName,Dept,Batch from studentmaster, con) Dim cmdBatch As New OleDbCommand(select distinct(batch) from studentmaster, con) Dim daBatch As New OleDbDataAdapter(cmdBatch) Dim cmdRegNo As New OleDbCommand(, con) Dim daRegNo As New OleDbDataAdapter Dim dr As OleDbDataReader Dim cmdreg As New OleDbCommand(select distinct(regno) from studentmaster, con) Dim da As New OleDbDataAdapter(cmd) Dim ds As New DataSet connect your mobile/GSM modem to PC, then go in device manager and check under ports which COM port has been slected if say com1 is there then put com2 in following statement Dim SMSEngine As New SMSCOMMS2(COM17) Dim i As Integer Private Sub entrymarks_Load(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Handles MyBase. Load DisableAll() daBatch. Fill(ds, batch) cmbBatch. DataSource = ds. Tables(batch) cmbBatch. Dis playMember = batch cmbBatch. ValueMember = batch cmbDept. SelectedIndex = 0 cmbTestType. SelectedIndex = 0 cmbSection. SelectedIndex = 0 End Sub Private Sub btnLoad_Click(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Handles btnLoad. Click If cmbBatch. SelectedIndex = -1 Or cmbDept. SelectedIndex = -1 Or cmbSection. SelectedIndex = -1 Then MsgBox(Select the fields, MsgBoxStyle. Critical) Else cmdRegNo. CommandText = select regno, (sname + ( + regno + )) as sn from studentMaster where [emailprotected] and [emailprotected] and [emailprotected] cmdRegNo. Parameters. Clear() cmdRegNo. Parameters. AddWithValue(@btch, cmbBatch. SelectedValue) cmdRegNo. Parameters. AddWithValue(@dept, cmbDept. SelectedItem) cmdRegNo. Parameters. AddWithValue(@sec, cmbSection. SelectedItem) Try s. Tables. Remove(regNo) Catch ex As Exception End Try daRegNo = New OleDbDataAdapter(cmdRegNo) daRegNo. Fill(ds, regNo) cmbRegno. DataSource = ds. Tables(regno) cmbRegno. DisplayMember = sn cmbRegno. ValueMember = regno End If LoadSubjects() End Sub EMERGENCY: Imports System. Data Imports System. Data. OleDb Imports System Imports System. Threading Imports System. ComponentModel Imports System. IO. Ports Public Class F orm12 Dim cn As New OleDbConnection(Provider=Microsoft. Jet. OLEDB. 4. 0;Data Source=. ksr. mdb) Dim cmdRegNo As New OleDbCommand(, cn) Dim cmd As OleDbCommand Dim cmdSelect As New OleDbCommand(, cn) Dim daSelect As New OleDbDataAdapter Dim dr As OleDbDataReader Dim ad As OleDbDataAdapter Dim daRegNo As OleDbDataAdapter Dim cmdBatch As New OleDbCommand(select distinct(batch) from studentmaster, cn) Dim daBatch As New OleDbDataAdapter(cmdBatch) Dim ds As New Data. DataSet connect your mobile/GSM modem to PC, then go in device manager and check under ports which COM port has been slected if say com1 is there then put com2 in following statement Dim SMSEngine As New SMSCOMMS(COM14) Dim i As Integer Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVal e As System. EventArgs) End Sub Private Sub Form12_Load(ByVal sender As System. Object, ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Handles MyBase. Load daBatch. Fill(ds, batch) cmbBatch. DataSource = ds. Tables(batch) cmbBatch. DisplayMember = batch cmbBatch. ValueMember = batch Try cn. Open() cmd = New OleDbCommand(SELECT regno,sName FROM studentmaster, cn) dr = cmd. ExecuteReader While dr. Read ComboBox1. Items. Add(dr(0). ToString) cmbRegNo. Items. Add(dr(0). ToString()) End While dr. Close() cn. Close() Catch ex As Exception MsgBox(ex. Message, MsgBoxStyle. Critical, Error) End Try End Sub TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION 4. 1 TESTING TECHNIQUES: SECURITY TESTING: Security testing is implemented in the part of the login section and change password section. For login: User name: (text) Password: (text) change password: user NAME: (text) TYPE PASSWORD: (text) RETYPE PASSWORD: (text) UNIT TESTING: In unit testing, we have to test the programs making up the system. For this reason, Unit testing sometimes called as Program testing. The software units in a system are the modules and routines that are assembled and integrated to perform a specific function, Unit testing first on the modules independently of one another, to locate errors. This enables, to detect errors in coding and logic that are contained with the module alone. The testing was carried out during programming stage itself. INTEGRATION TESTING: Integration testing is the phase in software testing in which individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. It occurs after unit testing and before validation testing. Integration testing takes as its input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger aggregates, applies tests defined in an integration test plan to those aggregates, and delivers as its output the integrated system ready for system testing. . 2. COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTUAL RESULTS AND EXPECTED RESULTS Actual results| Expected results| To initiate the system by giving the user name and password also enable the change the password. | Enter the user name and password to login the system. | In student profile, entering the details of the student and which is showing in data grid. To store the details in DB. | To view the inserted details in data grid and store in the DB. | In student mark system, it automatically generates the name of the student which is already saved in the profile database. Enable to send the marks to the parent via SMS. | To show the inserted details in data grid and store in the DB. Allows sending the information. | It automatically generates the reg. number of the student, which is already saved in the student profile. | To Validate the fields whether empty or not.. | Whether the text is more than 160 characters is checked. | Check the character size more than 160 or not. | To store the send message content in DB. | Store the sent items in DB| 4. 3. TEST REPORTS: UNIT TESTING OF EVERY MODULE: LOGIN FORM User name: (text) Password: (text) If any field remains empty it produces test case Test case result: message box pops out informing have to be entered. STUDENT PROFILE REG NO: (ALPHA NUMERIC) NAME: (TEXT) DEPARTMENT: (TEXT) CLASS (TEXT) ADDRESS: (ALPHA NUMERIC) PHONE NUMBER: (NUMBER) TEST CASE RESULT: I) If the regno, class, dept, address, phone number, name remains empty Msgbox appears informing that enter the respective data in the appropriate field. II)Phone number must be 12 digits with the(+). MARK ANALYSIS: In mark analysis by selecting appropriate batch number, department, semester, section it loads the reg no and also the number subjects in the semester. Then marks are needed to be entered. But they should be below 76. Name with reg. no: combo box selection of register number Type of test: type of the test from the combo box it will be either unit test I, unit test II, models Marks: it should have value less than 76. EMERGENCY: Name with reg. no: combo box selection of register number Mobile number: appears automatically when regno is selected Message text: text length should be less than 160 4. 4 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION The implementation of â€Å"SMS BASED STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM† is tool for day-to-day usage was to provide a user friendly environment supporting all platforms. Here the implementation of the system with SMS sending option is termed as the easiest follow up. Here the SMS sending methodology id followed as connecting the mobile in com port and configuring it in the coding. After configuring the respective comport number is added in the coding. Thus the system is ready to send the information. To use the system in the computer environment the knowledge of installation is a essential part. 5. CONCLUSION The â€Å"SMS BASED STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM† allows to send Student Information through SMS to reduce the manual work of class advisors also sending the activity information to the parents. This system supports in enrolling the student details and the respectively that is to be registered in the project. The attendance depends on the total number of hours and the present hours of the students. The emergency module allows sending the information in the form of simple text which can be considered as the messaging option. This module can be used daily for sending any current information of the student to the parents. To the end the system has customized the complete student information into a single system which provides a efficient system reducing the work of class advisor. The aspect of the report generation also builds a pillar to prove the efficiency of the project. 6. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS The project has covered almost all the requirements. Further requirements and improvements can easily be done since the coding is mainly structured or modular in nature. Changing the existing modules or adding new modules can adding improvements. In our proposed,the project can run in the individual machine and the absent details and exam mark details of each student is send to their parents through SMS in text formats. In feature enhancement the details will be send in voice formats. Use of different unicode language is possible in the future enhancements. BIBLIOGRAPHY 7. 1. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Alistair Mc Monnies,â€Å"Object-oriented programming in Visual Basic . NET†, Pearson Education, and ISBN: 81-297-0649-0, First Indian Reprint 2004. 2. Jittery R. Shapiro, â€Å"The Complete Reference Visual Basic . NET† Edition 2002,Tata McGraw-Hill, Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. 3. Robert D. Schneider, Jetty R. Garbus, â€Å"Optimizing SQL Server†, Second Edition, Pearson Education Asia, ISBN: 981-4035-20-3 7. 2. WEB REFERENCES: 1. http://vbdotnetheaven. com 2. codeproject. com 3. http://msdn. microsoft. com APPENDIX 8. 1 SCREEN LAYOUTS: LOGIN FORM: CHANGE PASSWORD FORM: STUDENT PROFILE FORM: ATTENDANCE FORM MONTHLY RECORD OF ATTENDANCE: MARK ANALYSIS SUBJECT ENTRY: REPORT GENERATION FOR MARK ANALYSIS: EMERGENCY:

An Overview of the Animal Welfare Act

An Overview of the Animal Welfare Act The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) is a federal law that was passed in 1966 and has been amended several times since then, notably in 2006. It empowers the Animal Care program of the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to issue licenses and adopt and enforce regulations meant to protect the basic welfare of creatures kept in captivity. The law can be found at the official United States Government Publishing Office under its proper bill title: 7 U.S.C.  §2131. The Animal Welfare Act protects certain animals in certain  facilities but is not as effective as animal advocates would like. Many complain about its limited scope, and some even argue that animals are entitled to rights and freedoms equal to humans and should not be owned or used in any regard. Which Facilities Are Covered by the AWA? The AWA applies to facilities that breed animals for commercial sale, use animals in research, transport animal commercially, or publicly exhibit animals. This includes zoos, aquariums, research facilities, puppy mills, animal dealers, and circuses. The regulations adopted under the AWA establish minimum care standards for animals in these facilities, including adequate housing, handling, sanitation, nutrition, water, veterinary care, and protection from extreme weather and temperatures. Facilities that are not covered include farms, pet stores, hobby breeders, and places that commonly hold pets as well as quasi-commercial animals like milk cows and bure-pred dogs. Without the protection guaranteed to animals in other facilities and industries, these animals sometimes suffer harsh treatment- though animal rights groups often step in to defend these creatures. The AWA requires that the facilities  are  licensed and registered or their AWA-covered activities will be shut down. Once a facility is licensed or registered, it is subject to unannounced inspections. Failures to comply with AWA standards can lead to fines, confiscation of the animals, license and registration revocation, or cease and desist orders. Which Animals Are and Are Not Covered? The legal definition of the word â€Å"animal† under the AWA is â€Å"any live or dead dog, cat, monkey (nonhuman primate mammal), guinea pig, hamster, rabbit, or such other  warm-blooded  animal, as the Secretary may determine is being used, or is intended for use, for research, testing, experimentation, or exhibition purposes, or as a pet.† Not every animal kept by these facilities is covered. The AWA has exclusions for birds, rats or mice used in research, livestock used for food or fiber, and reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates. Because 95 percent of the animals used in research are mice and rats and because the nine billion land animals slaughtered for food in the U.S every year are exempted, the vast majority of animals used by humans are excluded from the AWA’s protection. What Are the AWA Regulations? The AWA is a general law that does not specify the standards for animal care. The standards can be found in the regulations that are adopted by APHIS under the authority granted by the AWA. Federal regulations are adopted by government agencies with specific knowledge and expertise so they can set their own rules and standards without getting Congress bogged down in small details. The AWA regulations can be found in Title 9, Chapter 1 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Some of these regulations include those for the indoor housing of animals, which specify minimum and maximum temperatures, lighting, and ventilation. Regulations for animals kept outdoors maintain that the creature must be sheltered from the elements and offered food and clean water regularly. Also, for facilities with marine mammals, the water must be tested weekly and animals must be kept with a compatible animal of the same or similar species. In addition, a minimum tank size is required, depending on the size and types of animals housed. Participants in â€Å"swim with the dolphins† programs must agree in writing to the rules of the program. Circuses, which have been under constant fire since animal rights activism increased in the 1960s, must not use deprivation of food and water or any kind of physical abuse for training purposes, and animals must be given a rest period between performances. Research facilities are also required to establish Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) that must inspect the animal facilities, investigate reports of AWA violations, and review research proposals to â€Å"minimize discomfort, distress, and pain to the animals.​ Criticisms of the Animal Welfare Act One of the biggest criticisms of the AWA is the exclusion of rats and mice, which make up the majority of the animals used in research. Similarly, since livestock is also excluded, the AWA does nothing to protect farmed animals. There are currently no federal laws or regulations for the care of animals raised for food. Although there are general criticisms that the housing requirements are insufficient, some animal rights advocates claim that the regulations for marine mammals are especially inadequate. Marine mammals in the wild swim for miles each day and dive hundreds of feet deep in the open ocean, while tanks for porpoises and dolphins can be as small as 24 feet long and only 6 feet deep. Many of the criticisms of the AWA are directed against the IACUCs. Since IACUCs tend to include people who are affiliated with the institution or are animal researchers themselves, many advocates question whether these committees can objectively evaluate research proposals or complaints of AWA violations.

Dispute settlement mechanism in the WTO and developing countries Essay

Dispute settlement mechanism in the WTO and developing countries - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanism of the world trade organization to settle the disputes that occur between the parties of the organization. Research will compare the system of GATT and the WTO system to settle disputes. In addition; it will explain how the system works. Also it will show the benefits that the system provides for developing countries. And it will be some cases of the disputes that the system remedied. The increasing predominance of the capitalist system, globalization and the consequent reduction of the world into some form of global village have resulted into the fast integration of the world’s economic system. This development is characterized by countries engaged in constant bilateral and multilateral relationships as they deal with each other with the highly dynamic and freer flow of goods and services in the international market in addition to the internationalization of production. David Held (1999) argued that historical evidence at both the world and country levels demonstrate that the higher level of trade today is inevitable – from the Classical Gold Standard period to the postwar growth in trade.1 An illustration of the growth of global trade is demonstrated in fig. 1. This phenomenon was made possible by the advances in modern technology, transportation and communications as well as the global trade liberalization that have paved the way for a highly evo lved economic system. Central to globalization is the World Trade Organization, the international body that institutionalized the world trade system. It is this organization that has worked to increase trade between countries by ensuring that tariffs, state control systems are lowered and protectionism by governments on domestic industries is eliminated. The environment that is created by the modern economic system often breeds conflict as countries navigate the complexities of trade. As nation-states become naturally enmeshed and interdependent

Marketing Internationally Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Internationally - Essay Example r a business can only be successful globally if the management takes into account other factors that are related to the change in the geographical location of the product. Factors such as culture, economy and politics can have a huge impact on the launch of product in a foreign market (Balmer, 2001). Hence the paper reinforces the concept that marketing research is not only limited to research related to the product but it is also related to research relating to all the factors that are going to have an effect on the product launch feasibility in the new geographical area (Kotler & Keller, 2011). Since the paper deals with formation of the basis of the new business idea, we will discuss the marketing research for the idea in detail i.e. discussion regarding launch of an existing product in a completely new geographical area. Hence the components of marketing research have been discussed below in detail. The chosen product is Fiber One bar from the American company Fiber One working under the General Mills. The selected location for the launch is Pakistan. Fiber One bar has been introduced in the industry as a product for health conscious people as it offers taste of chocolate and less calories at the same time. It is a very famous product in USA in the female population. The reason for selection of Pakistan for the product launch is the current changing trends in the country, within a few geographical areas of the country, a certain demographic segment is showing interest in purchasing healthy products due to which local stores are offering exported products that have been brought through unprofessional procedures (General Mills (USA), 2011). Based on all these evidences, a strong need for this product has been identified and the observable factors give very high probability of the product’s success in the market. However, there is a very high chance of failure of the product if proper analysis of the country isn’t carried out. We have identified the

Bissell Vacuum Cleaner Quality Analysis Essay Example for Free

Bissell Vacuum Cleaner Quality Analysis Essay The market for vacuum cleaners is more globalized compared to laundry and kitchen appliances market. The need for vacuum cleaner models differs across various markets. Over the last few years the vacuum cleaners market witnessed a large number of advances in terms of lightweight vacuums driven by smaller and efficient motors. The market for bagless vacuum cleaners is witnessing continuous growth, with North American households accounting for the highest share of bagless vacuums market. The current consumers prefer vacuums featuring bagless and multi-surface cleaning. The following are few vacuum cleaner brands under the low price segment. A comparison is made based on criteria like key features, price and consumer ratings. These criteria should allow us to rank the brands in terms of value for money. From the listings it is easy to understand that the Bissell 3-in-1 Stick Vac Bagless Vacuum has received a four star rating and also priced the cheapest among the other brands. The Bissell Vacuum cleaner is definitely a winner as it fulfills consumer needs and stands out as a very good purchase for price sensitive consumers. The next in line is Eureka Quick-UP Bagless Stick Vacuum which has also received good consumer ratings but is much more expensive than its other competitor. References 1. www.walmart.com 2. http://www.pellresearch.com/Household-Vacuum-Cleaner-Manufacturing.htm

life lessons :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since I was young until now, I have learned a lot of life’s lessons. And some I go by, and some I use once and then get rid of them. But there are ones that I keep for a short time, and keep for a long time, because you never know when they will come in handy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ones that I have still, they are good ones. I keep the good ones, and just forget the bad ones, because why keep lessons that will not help get you some where or get you out of a jam. Having little good life lessons is a lot better than having a lot of great life lessons or a lot of bad life lessons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is one main life lesson that I use all the time. And it is, to never be a quitter, because being a quitter is worse than losing. Being a quitter is even worse than being a loser. Cause, who would want to be called a quitter their whole life. I would rather spend extra time trying to get it down and done, then be a quitter. Cause if you quit at one thing, most will quit every time a roadblock is in their way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life lessons are good for people. They can help you more than they can hurt you. They really don’t hurt you, because they are like warnings for the bad stuff out in the world today. They are just little helpful hints. They are especially helpful when you are in the time of need. If a life’s lesson hurts you, you are using them in the wrong way.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think the more life lessons you get and keep is good for your self-character. They show good character about you to other people. Because you don’t want to have badly self image. Because if other people see it as a bad self image, then you will try so hard to make it look like a good self image, and that you have good character, then it will make you look self absorb.

Letter of Advice… Interpersonal Communication Essay

This a great article with good advice on how to communicate with your husband, wife or partner for the future. Without Communication there will not be a happy and long lasting result in a marriage. Within reading this article I was able to relate the knowledge with my own marriage of 5 long years. Learning how to communicate within listen as well as my tone and other forms to communicate has been susceptible for us. There has been along hard battle to fight through my ordeal, but the lessons of reading and responding with the actions have been very tolerable. I have had a very bad problem beening lonely after my children went to college and after I closed my business. Drawing more to my husband, I felt he was pulling away from me. There was not a day went by that I feel deeper in a depression without communicating that with him, I just assumed he would have noticed. Now after talking the problem out and with quality time as well things are much better. Being able to relate to â€Å"Many couples think they are communicating with each other†, they are wrong at times, because I was that person. Within the statement, â€Å"Romantic relationships begin with a lot of sharing and excitement, (Terri Orbuch) I feel this is very true, because that’s why you get married. But, as time goes on other things take place within priorities before you mate. I blame this on life sometimes. Self-disclosure really is an important key to having satisfaction in a marriage even or a relationship, because it is an act of verbally or nonverbally revealing information about you to others. Within revealing your true thoughts and self you may allow other people to know the â€Å"real you† and not your public personality, which often leads to building the relationship to higher levels of communication. Self-disclosure is what your spouse will be entitled to that knowledge. When it comes to gender differences, there really is a level of expression that women and men have to different. When you make a connection and are able to understand how interpersonal communication works, you are better able to express and reveal information about the inner you. I have noticed that my husband keeps a lot of things bottled up on the inside and I really try to get him to talk about things. But within recognizing my husband’s stand on issues, I don’t push too hard. Gender roles are even greater over the years as men and women both have trouble in expressing their feelings, but if we learn to communicate better things will be easier. After all, we just want to be loved and cared for by our spouse. Unfortunately, I believe I have loved, lost, and lived to love again through our time together. I believe with time, exploring, and the use of self-disclosure that my husband and I will find our way back to an exciting new beginning to share with our extended family through generalization. I fit into the category because many relationships are typical. All arguments and issue seems to be the same, only to be in a different scenario. Communication plays a valuable role in our relationships one that leads to a long-lasting and healthy marriage. Some good advice is to make the best of every opportunity while having fun and loving the person you are with right now.

History of American Highways Essay

Highways are very important in every country, in every place. It is often termed as the sign of civilization or development of a place. That is undeniably true because a good highway or road system of a certain place means that the government, may it is local or national, have the resources to put up nice highways and national roads. It also signifies that a place is a place where many people are going. It means that there is something there that needs to have a nice highway. Most people want a very nice highway to drive to. They hate those bumpy roads because they find it annoying. That is why the government of every country makes the construction of highways as one of their priorities. Good highways are also beneficial for trade and industry because it attracts investors. There is development in the economy if the highways or roads are well furnished. People, especially investors always look at the means of access to a specific place. So it is a big factor if the highways are good and not. Through the years highways in almost every country serve as the cultivator of culture and development. There are numerous highways hat became historical because of its contribution to our society. But there are things that should be factored in whenever there is a highway or road that needs to be built. There are the environmental issues because it is a very big factor to consider the locale of the highway. More often than not, people forget the convenience highways could bring. An example is that, like what I have mentioned earlier there could be a boost in the economy because the easy access to a place attracts a lot of investors, not to mention that there will emerge some small businesses that would cater to the needs of the travelers who have traveled very far just to do to wherever their destination is. United States of America is one of the developed countries. It can be seen that the highways in this country is very well put up. In this country, you can find the almost never-ending highways that connect almost every city. The access from one place to another is a bit easy because of the highways. There are songs that were composed which are inspired by the highways. The motorists or travelers find so much fun in traveling that they do not mind the long travelers because in the first place they find comfort in it because they are not faced with bumpy roads. Indeed, through the years, every highway in the US has contributed a lot in the lives of every people and to the country itself. History of the Highway System in United States The US Highway System is considered as the first nationwide network of number system in the world. It is an essential part of the American history in the 20th Century because it inspired a lot of things from different perspective. Is inspired the composition of new songs, shows in the television, and the creation of motels and fast food restaurant. It is also considered as one of the components that US is really a country which innovate to make impossible things possible because it made the access to one State to another easy. It is also a factor in the development of the roads in California to be world class. Through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1925, the US Highway System was born. It is the answer to the unorganized creation of almost 250 named highways. Through this Act, the road that were considered insignificant before were transformed into roads that would connect every city making a long stretch of highways or roads. But the numbering of highway system has raised a lot of issues because many people disagree on the idea because it will make the highways cold and impersonal. But the government did not stop, they assigned the American Association of State Highway Officials or AASHO which is now AASHTO to handle the system. Highways That Gave Impact to America Highway is a term often used to address major roads which are used for travel by every people going to wherever they would go. Its designs are different and it may have the characteristics of freeways and motorways. It could also be characterized with two-lane, shoulder less road. It is the US which has the biggest network of national highways that include Interstate Highways and the Numbered Highways. It is present in all State which also connects almost all cities. There are different terms that denote highways such as but not limited to autobahn, auto route, expressway, freeway, and motorway. But these terms are different depending on the country or region. The term highway could have a lot of meaning. In US highway could be characterized by an important high-speed with limited-access road that is a connector of major cities, or it could be any road. The Pan-American Highway is considered as the longest international highway, and the largest national highway system can be found in the US as well as the widest highway which is in Houston Texas, the Katy Freeway a part of Interstate 10. Other highways that gave a lot of impact to America are Route 66, National Road, Lincoln Highway, and Highway 41. The Lincoln Highway is considered as one of the roads or highways that contributed in the development of the Interstate Highways. It is the first transcontinental highway and also considered as the ancestor and model of other numbered highways. It is symbolized by ‘Good Roads’ which is the basis for the rallyists then to fight for the highway system. It is considered as the first successful highway that can be rallied on at any weather from coasts to coasts. It is the subject that fuelled the awareness of American people that the government should build highways and they should fund the development. In 1920, the Lincoln Highway just became another road because there are other transcontinental highways that were built. The funding from the government became easily granted as well. But the fact will never be forgotten – the Lincoln Highway was the venue for the celebrated caravan of the Army in 1919, it is were cross-country racers achieved their records that made them famous, there were songs and poems written pertaining to the road, at the end of the highway there you can find the banners of every hotels, restaurants, and the like. Other highway that impacted America is the US Route 66 which is also called Route 66, The Main Street of America, The Mother Road, Will Rogers Highway among others. It is part of the US Highway System which connects Chicago, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. It is the main path of every migrant who were going to the west especially during the height of Dust Bowl in 1930s. The highway attained much popularity that people have fought for its preservation. But in 1956 it has reached its end because of the then President Dwight Eisenhower’s Interstate Highway Act. One of the remaining parts of Route 66 is the Veterans Parkway.

Guide to How to Critique a Movie

Guide to How to Critique a Movie Tips on How to Write a Movie Critique Wherever you study at the school, college, or university, you may have to write different sort of papers, for instance academic one, critical essay, response paper, and so on. However, one of the favorite students writing assignments is a critical film review. Although you may choose the film you like and make your writing process much easier, a lot of students still ask how to write a movie critique correctly. Many first-year students and even senior ones are confused with the difference between the critical film review and movie critique. Therefore, the first tip on how to write a movie critique properly is to clarify the difference between a review and critique of a film. It is pretty easy when you realize that a film review is a way to discuss the plot, summarize it, and express your final opinion. Meanwhile, a movie critique paper requires you to conduct a in-depth analysis, draw attention to the characters speech, stylistic devices, settings and backstage, scenes symbolisms and its dynamics, reasons for the applied sound and video effects, etc. If you realize these things and like the chosen film, you will have no questions on how to write a movie critique. Still, if you struggle with your writing, you have two options. The first one is as follows: you can easily order a movie critique paper in one of the reliable writing companies, for example, Star-Writers, which provides you with w ell-written academic papers and essay for a decent price. The second one lies in the fact that you can use the following free and efficient tips on how to critique a movie provided by our highly-professional experts and film critics. Of course, we highly encourage you to write a paper by yourself to challenge and improve your writing and critical thinking skills. These tips will unequivocally help you, so go on reading to know more! Seven Steps in Writing a Movie Critique Few can answer precisely how to critique a movie since there are many various strategies and approaches nowadays. Therefore, we have gathered, analyzed, and summarized the most efficient and effective tips on how to write a movie critique easily and creatively. The first and the easiest tip on how to write a movie critique is to watch the film before writing a paper. The main task is not just to watch a movie as we usually do it on Friday evenings yet to be attentive to the tiniest details, characters, and dialogs. In other words, we should note some things we like and dislike in the particular motion picture. Depending on the film, you will notice different things. Therefore, we cannot tell what exactly you should draw your attention to, but we can recommend you putting down all things that attract you. The best way and criterion to miss nothing is to follow your feelings. It will make your paper one hundred percent unique. How to critique a movie without paying attention to the so-called film structure? Similarly to the novel, each movie has the preface, central theme, climax, and narrative closure or outcome. It is highly significant to realize and clarify all these main film elements and interpret them. Thus, you will have a couple of words on each aspect and can easily answer how to write a movie critique on this stage. How to write a movie critique without analyzing the main and minor characters? Each film consists of various and sundry characters with diverse features. Usually, each of them can act like a bad, good, or mixed temper person. One of the critical tip on how to critique a movie is figure out every single characters features and his role in this film. Even if it seems an unimportant or minor character, he or she may have a huge impact on the plot. Use some strategies on how to critique a movie character paying attention to the physical and psychological peculiarities. The next tip on how to write a movie critique is strongly related to the film actors, director, producer, release data, sound, and visual effects. Obviously, it is highly critical to observe each of these elements to realize the main idea of the film. Experts believe that analyzing all those things is the best tip on how to critique a movie in-depth. There are a few examples of why this strategy is efficient. Usually, a lot of films are dedicated to a particular event, date, or person, especially historical, documentary, etc. Realizing this directors idea will definitely tell you a lot about the whole film, it gives you a film skeleton you may use for further analysis. On the contrary, analyzing sound and visual effects helps you to describe what kind of emotions and feelings this film evokes. Also, the chosen cast of the film may tell you some hidden information and shed light on some interesting things that were not considered before. Do not retell the whole film and be concise is our next piece of advice on how to critique a movie we would like to share. Provide only those examples which prove your arguments or assist in explaining a bigger idea or concept. Make up a strict paper plan and follow it. In most cases, all academic papers consist of five main sections: General information about a film (director, title, data release), reasons you have chosen it (what attracts you), and your thesis, namely what problems or ideas you want to consider. Tell a few words about the film and describe its plot briefly. Include some details on settings, main film elements/characters, and movie type/style. Provide your readers with a deep analysis of all those things you consider significant for understanding the whole idea of the film. Using some examples and citation will be an advantage. Come back to your thesis and make a summary based on analyzed arguments and facts. You should also provide your persective and recommend or not the movie for a particular audience. The last but not the least word of advice is to edit your paper. Many students forget about proofreading and editing their papers since they focus mainly on how to critique a movie. However, try to make your paper readable and attractive, and it is the final tip on how to write a movie critique our experts recommend you! For more information on  how to write a movie critique correctly and where to get help in  critique writing, look at our article Movie Critique: Professional Guidelines. Of course, if you are under pressure of time or have other deadlines, you may send your draft to any professional writing services, and they will help you to compose your paper.  Never give up! Good luck! Just do it!

SAT and ACT Test Date Choice Is the Next Date Best

SAT and ACT Test Date Choice Is the Next Date Best SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Not sure whether it’s a good idea to register for the next SAT or ACT test date? You should consider how many times you've taken the test before, how busy your schedule is right now, and how much you've prepared for the test before making a decision. We'll explain why. Here are a few questions you need to ask yourself before signing up for the next date. Have You Taken the SAT or ACT Before? Whether it's your first or fourth time taking the test, you should think critically about when you sign up so that you're making the most of your time and registration fees.It's important to maximize the utility of every test session and give yourself enough chances to improve before you send in college applications. First Time Test Takers We recommend taking the SAT or ACT for the first time during your junior fall.If it's your junior year and the next test date is the September ACT or October SAT (the first fall testing dates), it’s a good idea to sign up for that date. As a general rule, if you’re a rising junior or older and haven’t taken either test yet, you should aim for the next test date. If you’re still a sophomore, it’s fine to wait until the beginning of your junior year to start taking the tests. You'll have more than enough chances to improve on your scores later on if you start there. But make sure you prep before your first test date! Often, ordering the Question-and-Answer Service for the SAT is a good idea if it’s your first time taking the test. TheQuestion-and-Answer Service provides you with a copy of your test booklet as well as a breakdown of the types of questions, their difficulty levels, and your answers versus the correct answers. The ACT also offers a similar service called the Test Information Release. These materials can be very useful for studying if you are planning on taking the SAT or ACT again. I mention this because the Question-and-Answer Service is only available with October, January, and May SAT testing dates; and the Test Information Release is only available with December, April, and June ACT testing dates. This is another factor you might consider in deciding whether the next test date is best for you. As this point of view shot demonstrates, you can also pick your first test date by slamming your face into a calendar at random and seeing which test date is closest to your eye. Repeat Test Takers If you’ve already taken one or both of the tests, it's sometimes difficult to decide when to sign up for them again.The next date won’t necessarily be the best one.It's important to consider how many times you have already taken the test and how much time you have left before application deadlines for colleges and scholarships. Junior Year It can be a good idea to take the SAT or ACT again after winter break your junior year if you just took a test in the fall. However, if you feel you haven’t made significant studying gains between the fall test and winter test, it might be better to wait until spring. Shoot for both if you feel confident your abilities have improved each time, but don’t waste money and time on a redundant test session. Senior Year This is when college application and scholarship deadlines really come into play.If you’re still planning to take the SAT or ACT again after your junior year, it’s safest to take the test as early as possible in senior fall.This leaves you more time to work on college applications later. It also means you'll be able to submit your scores with Early Decision applications, which usually accept November test scores (at the latest - check with your schools!). As we'll see in the next section, the only reason the next test date might not be best during your senior year is if you’re especially busy and stressed at that time.Otherwise, go for it! Do You Have a Lot of Other Commitments Right Now? If the thought of taking the test at this point overwhelms you, you should consider waiting until you feel less stressed. Junior year can be very academically demanding, and it’s not easy to fit in standardized testing alongside those expectations.Junior year is also not as critical of a time to take the test because you aren’t worried about application deadlines yet, so you shouldn’t put too much pressure on yourself. Not everyone can or should take three standardized tests during their junior year.Decide what's comfortable and practical for you. That being said, if you can't manage the next test date, try to go for the one after that. You'll thank yourself later if you end up not having to take the test again as a senior. Senior year is usually pretty stressful in terms of navigating college applications and last chances on standardized tests.This is why it’s better to take standardized tests as early as possible in senior fall - this is when there is going to be the least pressure from your other responsibilities related to college. Be aware of your deadlines and avoid test dates that might coincide with other high pressure scenarios.The last thing you want is to be distracted by anxious thoughts about other things while you’re trying to take a test. Is this you? Don't take the test again until you have all your tennis racquets under control. Are You Prepared? This might seem obvious, but it’s often tempting to sign up for the next test date just to get it out of the way (especially if you’re an anxious person like me!).Make sure every test you take is worthwhile and that you have a good shot at improving your scores each time. The only time you shouldn’t worry too much about preparation as a factor is if you're taking the test for the first time or hoping for a very slight improvement on your previous scores (0-50 SAT points, 0-1 ACT points). If you're applying to school that superscores the SAT or ACT (meaning they take your best score ever for each section and compile them into one glorious SUPERSCORE), you might also take the test again without much preparation because you just need to improve one of your section scores a little bit. But if you still have a ways to go before your scores are up to muster, you should make sure you are studying before each test date. You want to be in a position where you are improving consistently every time you take the SAT or ACT. Otherwise you’re stressing yourself out, spending too much money on registration, and sacrificing your Saturdays to the Testing Gods. If you haven’t studied between the last time you took the test and the next upcoming date, you should either reconsider registering or make a quick study plan that you’ll execute in the few weeks you have left before the test. Even just a few hours of focused studying can make a difference! What's Next? Still not sure whether you should take the test again? Use this three step process to find out. Also check out these articles detailinghow many times you should take the SATand the ACT. If you need more resources to help you choose a date, here are a couple more in-depth guides for senior year and just choosing test dates in general. For more advice on how to structure your studying, take a look at our complete study plans for the SAT and ACT. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Advertising Effect on Adolescents in Saudi Arabia Essay

The Advertising Effect on Adolescents in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The availability and effect of modern media, particularly from Western sources of production, such as television, movies, and music in Saudi Arabia will be reviewed from contemporary reports and placed in the context of wider social change movements such as the â€Å"Arab Spring†, democratization, and reform that seemingly threaten traditional values and identities in the Kingdom. The introduction of Western and modern values or identity constructs through commercial advertising will also be analyzed with reference to youth movements and new developments in the Saudi economy resulting from lifestyle pattern changes. The economic and social results of this process will be further related in context to the issues of globalization, democratization, and modernization as they portend a change in values in Saudi Arabian culture. The emphasis of this study will be in analyzing the effect of advertising on Saudi adolescents particularly, as this is psychologically when the most import ant aspects of personal character definition are formed, and socially this represents the time period when human individuals are most open to experimentation with patterns of identity, character, and personality formation.The research methodology of this essay will include a comparison of research into adolescent identity structures and behavior in the U.S. and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in order to determine the similarities and differences between the two experiences both subjectively and objectively. Rather than assuming that Saudi and American youth culture will develop on the same patterns of expression.