Motivation to Exercise: Social or Personal Factors?

need to puzzle out Social or ain Factors?Everybody needs to figure regardless of ones age, gender, socio-economic status, or even strong-arm or moral capabilities. Exercising can be in the form of sports, going to the gym or merely just walking some the housing ara. According to Hornby (2005), the discourse pattern means activities bodily activities such as moving the extremities or the trunk and psychological actions that is done in order to maintain wellness. According to Bouchard, Blair and Haskell (2007), employ is basic everyy considered as a repetitive psychical activity that is done to spend ones free succession in order to sustain and increase a individuals bodily robustness. Exercise, defined as planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness (National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel, 1996). Exercisephysical activity carried step up for the sake of health and fitness (So anes Stevenson, 2004). Now the question is does everybody exercise? Is penury important in drill? What usually motivates a person to exercise? We know the answer to the first question by just looking at the people around us. Not everyone we know exercise. Yes, pauperization is very important to exercise. As that squ are ups a person to exercises or not to exercise. A person who exercises generally has a antecedent or also widely kn witness as motivation. motivation, according to Hornby (2005) is the explanation for a person to act in a certain manner. Motivationthe stimulus, incentive, or inducement to act or react in a certain way. Purposeful behavior is motivated behavior, which means that either physiologic or brotherly stimuli activate or motivate a person to do something (Nunez Fehrenbach, 2007). There are different sides to motivation. It could be an external factor or an internal factor. out-of-door motivation incentive that accrues as a result of crop from outside sources inducement to act or change based on the expectations and examples of other people. inbred motivation incentive that accrues from inside an individual inducement to act or change based on an inherent or intrinsic desire (Nunez Fehrenbach, 2007). Motivation to exercise would vary between one person to the other. It could be to lose weight, to maintain their body figure, to increase ones self esteem, to spend time with friends or to go forward healthy by avoiding degenerative diseases such as obesity, cardio-vascular disease, and hypertension. This research focuses on the two factors that contri hardlye to the motivating a person to exercise which are the loving factors and the personalized factors. What is a kindly factor? According to Hornby (2005), the word loving is defined as associated with actions that revolve around folks so that they get to gather for contentment. The word factor according to Hornby (2005) means the reason to follow up on in an activity. S ocial motivation an incentive or drive resulting from a sociocultural submit that initiates behavior toward a particular address. (Nunez Fehrenbach, 2007) The social factors that is well-tried in this study are time spend with friends, wining in physical activities over friends, fitting in social circle and so on. What is personal factor? According to Hornby (2005), the word personal means that a person has possession of something and others do not own it. Self-motivated motivated to do something because of ones own enthusiasm or interest, without needing pressure from others, acting on ones own initiative without external pressure (Soanes Stevenson, 2003). The personal factors that are tested in this research are that physical exercise gives people the time to think, to keep ones body healthy and so on.One theoretical perspective that appears useful for reasonableness various motivational issues in physical activity settings is self-determination possible action (SDT Deci R yan, 2002). SDT accounts for the quality of motivation regulating behavior, as well as, the processes that facilitate motivational evolution (Deci Ryan, 2002) that holds considerable appeal for understanding why people initiate, persist, and terminate their involvement in various physical activities (Hagger Chatzisarantis, 2007). According to Deci and Ryan (2002), basic psychological needs introduce innate nutriments (p. 7) that when satisfied authentically within social contexts promote integration, adaptation, and directly impact well-being. In contrast, environments that stifle opportunities to satisfy basic psychological needs hassle ill-being (Deci Ryan, 2002). SDT proposes that motivation is multidimensional and resides along a continuum of self-determination ranging from amotivation (i.e. when a person lacks the motivation to act) finished external motivation (i.e. when a person acts in result to external cues) to intrinsic motivation (i.e. when a person acts for the inherent pleasure derived from that particular activity) (Deci and Ryan, 1985). The basic psychological needs for competence (effectively mastering challenging tasks within ones environment Deci Ryan, 2002), autonomy (feeling a sense of ownership over ones behaviors such that they stem from an internal perceived locus of causality Deci Ryan, 2002), and relatedness (feeling a meaningful joining with others in ones social milieu Deci Ryan, 2002) have long been advocated within the SDT framework as fundamental to human development and well-being. SDT also considers that what goal a person holds for the activity will be important for a number of outcomes (Deci Ryan, 2002).. The content of goals can be classified as either intrinsic or outside (Kasser Ryan, 1996). Intrinsic goals, such as the formation of social relationships and self-development, stem from a persons core values and are inherently rewarding to pursue. As such, they promote self determined behavior and well-being (Furnham et al., 2002).In a study conducted by Fontaine et al. (2002) based in an African American Apostolic church, 48 participants completed measures of social support, health-related quality of life, depression, exercise self-efficacy, and exercise motivation and then participated in an exercise program for 6 months. Exercise Motivation Inventory used to determine the personal motivations to participate in an exercise program comprised 14 subscales stress management, revitalization, enjoyment, challenge, social recognition, affiliation, competition, health pressures, ill-health avoidance, positive health, weight management, appearance, strength and endurance, and nimbleness, where a soaringer score predicted a higher motivation. This study bring that, in this community, people with high scores on affiliation were more likely to attend the exercise program. The authors concluded that exercise adherence is a complicated phenomenon that is influenced by a variety of environmental, personal, and social factors. Social factors, in particular, may be important in promoting adherence to an exercise program in African Americans. However, it must be noted that the sample size for this study was small which prohibited the use of multivariate statistical techniques (i.e., logistic regression) to evaluate the predictive value of the study uncertains (Fontaine et al., 2002). In another study conducted by Gillison (2001) using a sample of 580 British schoolchildren, a model grounded in self-determination theory was explored to examine the effects of exercise goals on exercise motivation, leisure-time exercise behavior. Exercise goal content was measured using the Reasons for Exercise Inventory. Motivation towards exercise was measured using The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. This study hypothesized that self-determined motivation would partly mediate the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic goal content and leisure-time exercise. Intrinsic ( and therefore more adaptive) goals for exercise can persist despite the presence of body related anxiety. Results of structural equation example revealed that adolescents perceiving themselves to be overweight and pressurized to lose weight endorsed extrinsic weight-related goals for exercise. Extrinsic goals negatively predicted, whereas intrinsic goals positively predicted, self-determined motivation, which in turn positively predicted exercise behavior. Self-determined motivation partially mediated the effects of exercise goals on account exercise behavior. Results suggest that holding extrinsic exercise goals could compromise exercise participation levels. Teachers and parents are proposed with the withdraw of orienting young people towards intrinsic goals in an attempt to enhance future exercise behavior. It was hypothesized that self-determined motivation would positively predict participants leisure-time exercise. Conversely, extrinsic goals stem from aims to get hold of outcomes separable from the activity itself, such as wealth and status, and are usually formed in response to external pressures. Extrinsic exercise goals negatively predicted, age intrinsic goals positively predicted, levels of self-determined motivation. In turn, greater self-determination in motivation predicted higher levels of leisure-time exercise. Fostering intrinsic goals could be beneficial for improving the mental health and exercise behavior in adolescents (Gillison, 2001). Dishman, Hales, Ward, Pfeiffer, Felton, Saunders, Dowda and Pate (2006), conducted a study on 1250 girls (39% White, 54.6% Black and 3.9% Others) whose mean age are of 17.66 years old from public high schools in South Carolina. The results of their study indicated that as bodily actions and partaking in games increases in an individual, their general perception of ones physical self increases too. General perception of ones physical self in this study focuses on aspects such as power, stamina, looks, and skills in a game. This means that people take part in games and exercise to increase their self-consciousness or skills to avoid psychological conditions like depression. Although this study was conducted only among females and of those in the youth category, the results can still be applied to people of all ages and all walk of lives as exercising and its motivation are applicable for everyone. Ekeland, Heian, and Hagen (2005) conducted a study on 1821 kids and youngsters on the relationship between self-esteem and exercising. They discovered that physical activity is highly related positively with self-esteem. As the number of participants is high, the results can be well substantiated.On the other hand, there are many social factors that seem to be more convincing as compared to personal factors in predicting the motivation on exercising. Group cohesion p come outs an important role in this content. It contributes a positive connection on exercising regarding different aspe cts of sort out. All individuals that formed a group will become more significant. A persons act is influence by a group. It has been proven that there are effective associations between the mutual effort and conceptions of stay in a group. Abele and Ehrhart (as cited in Spink, Wilson, Priebe, 2010) proposed that as peoples thought themselves and others were in the same group, peoples were put more efforts toward the task that they work together. There are five specific variables identified by Carron Hausenblas (1998). The five variables are common fate, mutual benefit, social structure, group processes, and self-categorization. Common fate can be described as an event that joins by all the group members and they conduct the same consequences together (Fiedler, 1967). Mutual benefit implies that the requirements obtained among the group members in a certain works (Bass, 1960).Whereas social structure can be defined as the position and duty in a group (Sherif Sherif, 1956). Shaw (1981) commented group processes as the conversation and useful interactions that take place within a group. The last variable that is self-categorization implies a sense of belongingness in one group (Brown, 1988). The five variables play an important role in the social aspect part to determine the motivation towards exercising. There is hypothesis on the five variables common fate, mutual benefit, social structure, group processes, and self-categorization have a definite connection to the self-report regarding the devotion in an exercising activities (Spink, Wilson, Priebe, 2010). There are four evidences that support this hypothesis. Previous research conducted by Massie Shephard (1971) showed that the attendance is higher in group-based exercise programs than individual or family ones. Steers Rhodes (1978) found out that there is a different type of adherence energy expenditure can be seen in individual that more apprehend on group aspects in their structured exercise assemb ly. Furthermore, groupness can be considered to be related to adherence in exercise programs as members show more interest in remaining in a group through the cohesion mechanism that aid in fasten peoples together (Fraser Spink, 2002).Another factor that motivates exercising is exercising with the presence of friends. This happens especially in low-self monitoring individuals. The character that friend act in a persons life is significant as considered in the amount of time spend, variability of activities and role that friend can play. By viewing in this context, the fact that friend plays an important role in an individuals lives cannot be deny. It is an important subject to choose a compatible friend to engage in social activities particularly in exercising. Some knowledge and skills on the appropriate way to carry out the activities is useful if all of these own by the friend (Synder, Gangestad, Simpson, 1983).The exercise that carry out seem to be much more easier if one is accompanied by friend that displayed competence and expertise in performing particular activities (Synder, Gangestad, Simpson, 1983). One that is get motivated will do more effort in displaying his or her competency and expertise and act in a suitable way in carry out certain exercise because of the opportunity that he or she received from friend that considered specialist in an activity (Synder, Gangestad, Simpson, 1983). There is also fact that friend will affect one in exercise through the mindset, affection, and choice towards partner that one will carry out physical activities with (Synder, Gangestad, Simpson, 1983). The extent to which a person shows his or her liking towards the partner will influence a person in lovely in an activity. There are people who look for coherence between their attitude and course of action in real life. In this case, people particularly in low-self monitoring person will be more likely to spend their time with their preferred partner. arrest to this the person will increase their approach towards specific peoples in their social circle and also their behavioral preference in the activities with those that they preferred (Synder, Gangestad, Simpson, 1983). There are some differences between high-self monitoring and low-self monitoring people in selecting their social partner. In general, the presence of friend is substantial in boosting the attitude in engaging social activities like exercise. Belza, Walwick, Schwartz, LoGerfo, Shiu-Thornton, Taylor (2004), conducted their study on 71 adults (42 females and 29 males) with their mean age being 71.6 years old on seven groups that differ in ethnicity and their mother-tongue in America such as the African American, American Indian, Native Alaskan, etc where almost 35 of them exercise on a regular basis. The participants were asked on what drove them to exercise (eg wellbeing looks, able to hang around with people and so on). They found that most the participants believe t hat they exercise because they it benefits them both in the social aspect and health purposes (to manage constant conditions such as ache, high blood pressure, arthritis and high glucose level in the blood). He also found that when a persons general motivation (social and personal) drops, his or her bodily activity level drops as well. This study is done to investigate whether personal factors or social factors contribute more motivation to exercise.Theory of self-efficacy, which states that the more individuals believe in their ability to perform a course of action and in the positive outcomes of those actions, the more likely they will be to initiate and persist in a disposed activity (Bandura, 1997). Bandura (1997) describes four sources of information that influence self-efficacy expectations (and presumably outcome expectations) and consequently actual behavior functioning of the activity, verbal encouragement from others, exposure to role models, and physiological feedback or physical sensations experienced during the activity. In a study aimed at establishing what aspects of self-efficacy theory helped initiate and engage in regular exercise, and what decreased the willingness to exercise, a total of 148 older adults from 12 Senior Centers participated, with the majority of the participants being female African American. Findings support the use of the theory of self-efficacy to change behavior among minority older adults. In this study, the extrinsic incentives were emphasized to motivate the participants. The motivational component of the program included verbal encouragement and goal setting with small incentive gifts for goal achievement, cueing to exercise through the use of written material and calendars, and role modeling of exercise through exposure to the lay exercise leader and other group members. The participants in this study specifically recognized the importance of social supports as a source of motivation to exercise. The participants reported that it was laziness that prevented them from exercising, and they needed the group interaction to motivate them to come to exercise class. This external force helped participants to rekindle old exercise habits, to initiate an exercise program, or to increase the amount of exercise they did. This study was limited in that it included only older adults who volunteered to participate in an exercise program and regularly tended to(p) senior centers (Luisi et al., 2006).MethodologyParticipantsData was collected from 27th up to 31st January 2011. There were 130 subjects (51 males and 79 females) who filled the subject completely. The age range was from 18 to 65 years old and the mean age was 22.669 years old. The data was consisting of 58 Malay, 17 Chinese, 21 Indians, and 34 participants from other race such as Korean, African, Sikh, Arabian, Pakistani and Mauritanian. We also asked their perspective of their body weight by rating the scale which provided inside the demogra phic (refer to appendix B). We did a convenience sampling survey in Petaling Jaya and Johor. Refer to table 1.Demographic cerebrateFrequencyPercentagesAgeGenderMaleFemale appendEthnicityMalayChineseIndianOthersTotalPerspective of body weightUnderweightNormalOverweightObeseTotal22.66913051791301758213413099920213010039.260.810013.144.616.226.21006.976.215.41.5100MeasurementThe survey questions were adapted from The Exercise Motivation Inventory (Markland and Hardy, 1993) questionnaire. However, we selected and modified some of the questions. In total, there was 20 Questions inside our survey which contained of 10 Social Factor question and 10 Personal Factor Question. This survey used a 5 scale Not great=1, Less Important= 2, Neutral=3, Moderately important=4, and Very Important=5. The measurement was appropriate for our study because it was not only asking people who do any exercise regularly such as fitness but also for people who do not regularly exercise. The questionnaire was r eferring to healthiness, diet and body shape, and environment relation. Furthermore, EMI is suitable to be assigned to younger (at least 18 years old) and older people.ProcedureFirst, we developed the survey and delivered it to course instructor. After receiving the approval we then can started collecting the data. The participants were asked by the researchers to fill the survey voluntarily. After they agreed, they were given a consent form and the survey form. All information about this study was clearly written down on the consent form. It took approximately 10 minutes to fill the survey and participants may withdraw from the study anytime when they feel unsecure or disturbed. After they fully filled the survey, they may give it back to the researchers and leave. We found some problems while collecting the data, some of the subjects refuse to join this study because they do not understand the English language properly, they needed to go to their coterminous class, below the mini mum age or just refused to participate without any reason.ResultsTo investigate the relationship between types of motivation and level of motivation, a Paired audition T-Test was used. As seen in Table 2, there is a significant relationship between types of motivation and level of motivation, t (129) = 8.479, p Table 2Mean Differences Between Personal Factors and Social Factors that motivate ExercisingVariable Mean dft Personal FactorsSocial FactorsOlder Adult Perspectives on tangible legal action and Exercise Voices From Multiple CulturesBasia Belza, PhD, RN, Julie Walwick, MSW, Sheryl Schwartz, PhD, James LoGerfo, MD, MPH, Sharyne Shiu-Thornton, PhD, and Mary Taylor, BSN, RN (2004)Bouchard, C., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L. (2007). Physical activity andhealth. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics.Dishman, R.K., Hales, D.P., Pfeiffer, K.A., Felton,G., Saunders,R., Ward, D.S., Dowda,M. and Pate, R.R. (2006). Physical Self-Concept and Self-Esteem Mediate Cross-Sectional Relations of Physi cal Activity and Sports Participation With Depression Symptoms Among Adolescent Girls. Health Psychology, 25(3), 396-407.Ekeland,E., Heian, F., Hagen, K.B.(2005). Can exercise improve sef-esteem in children and young people? A systematic freshen of randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 792-798.Hornby, A.S.(2005). Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. New York Oxford University Press.